2022-11-30-国际劳工组织-2022年亚太地区就业及社会展望报告_95页_6mb

报告摘要

Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook 2022 Summary

1. Introduction

The Asia-Pacific region experienced a partial recovery from the COVID-19 crisis but faces persistent challenges. Employment growth in 2022 reached 2.0% above pre-pandemic levels, yet a jobs gap of 22 million persists, compared to the global recovery. Key issues include gender disparities, rising informal employment, and sectoral imbalances. The path forward requires strengthening labor market institutions and promoting decent work through targeted policies.

2. Labor Market Trends

Employment Growth: While employment increased, working hours remain below pre-pandemic levels. Working-hour losses in 2022 totaled 1.5% (1.9% for men, 0.5% for women).
Gender Gap: Women's employment participation rate remains 28 percentage points lower than men's. Female employment declined more sharply during the crisis and lagged in recovery.
Informal Employment: The informal workforce dominates, with over 60% employment in low-income countries. Progress stalled despite economic growth, limiting social protection and fair wages.

3. Sectoral Analysis

Dominant Sectors: Agriculture (30%), manufacturing (15.6%), and wholesale trade (14.7%) employ 60% of the workforce. These sectors offer fewer decent work opportunities.
Employment Shifts: Services (particularly market services) gained ground, but high-growth sectors like IT employ mostly men. Informality remains entrenched in low-productivity sectors.
COVID Impact: Job losses were concentrated in private households (13.8% decline), accommodation and food services, and construction, disproportionately affecting women.

4. Decent Work Deficits

Working Poverty: Stalled progress increased working poverty, especially in low-income countries.
Social Protection: Limited coverage restricts access to unemployment insurance and social security, making workers vulnerable to income shocks.
Productivity Gaps: Structural transformation slowed in 2015-2019, narrowing pathways to inclusive growth.

5. Policy Recommendations

Strengthen Institutions: Promote tripartite coordination (governments, employers, workers) to enforce labor standards and social dialogue.
Formalization: Accelerate the transition from informal to formal employment through simplified registration and social protection extensions.
Targeted Sectoral Approaches: Prioritize sectors with large workforces (agriculture, manufacturing, trade) by improving labor inspection, collective bargaining, and enterprise support. Enhance women's access to high-productivity jobs.
Technology Integration: Leverage digitalization to improve social services monitoring and formalization efforts.