2022-05-26-世界银行-碳定价发展现状与未来趋势（英文执行摘要）_13页_6mb

Carbon Pricing State and Trends 2022 Summary

Key Findings

Carbon pricing can provide impetus for economic transformation and recovery by closing the gap between climate pledges and policies, potentially helping "keep 1.5 alive." It can lower emissions, improve efficiency, promote cleaner environments, and generate government revenue, despite political challenges, especially amid inflation. Globally, there are 68 carbon pricing instruments (CPIs) covering about 23% of total GHG emissions, a slight increase due to new systems. Record-high carbon prices have been observed in many jurisdictions, driven by policy reforms, economic trends, and anticipated changes.

Global Coverage and Trends

Carbon pricing coverage remains low, with instruments including taxes and emissions trading systems (ETSs) implementing in various regions, such as the EU, Canada, and others. The International Maritime Organization is considering emission pricing for shipping. Carbon revenues jumped by nearly 60%, reaching USD 84 billion, with ETS revenues surpassing carbon tax revenues for the first time. Cross-border approaches, like carbon border adjustment mechanisms and climate clubs, are increasing, aiming to fortify domestic support, prevent carbon leakage, and encourage global mitigation.

Revenue and Market Growth

Global carbon revenue surged, supporting economic recovery and revenue generation. Carbon credit markets expanded rapidly, with annual voluntary market value exceeding USD 1 billion, dominated by independent crediting mechanisms. Demand for nature-based credits increased, driving price rises. New governance frameworks and technologies like blockchain are emerging to address credit integrity and market innovations.

Challenges and Opportunities

Ambitious carbon prices can enhance climate action, but political feasibility is key. While coverage is low, revenues and market growth offer opportunities for sustainable development, but challenges include ensuring policies are fair and effective. Future efforts involve international cooperation under frameworks like Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.