碳定价的现状和趋势2018年-世界银行-2018.5-63页_6mb

Summary of "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2018"

Core Content

The 2018 "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing" report, led by the World Bank with support from Ecofys, provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and emerging trends in carbon pricing initiatives globally. It highlights the increasing adoption of carbon pricing mechanisms at national, regional, and subnational levels, as well as by private sector entities, as part of global efforts to combat climate change in line with the Paris Agreement.

The report notes that as of 2018, 45 national and 25 subnational jurisdictions were implementing or planning carbon pricing initiatives. These initiatives are expected to cover 11 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e), or about 20% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared to 8 GtCO2e or 15% in 2017. This growth is primarily driven by the anticipated coverage of the China national Emissions Trading System (ETS), which is set to be implemented in 2018.

Main Points

• Carbon Pricing Momentum: There is growing momentum for carbon pricing, with more jurisdictions and private entities adopting the mechanism. The report emphasizes that this trend is a key part of the global strategy to accelerate climate action and achieve sustainable development goals.

• International Developments: The report underscores the importance of international cooperation, especially in the context of the Paris Agreement. It mentions the "Fiji Momentum for Implementation" and the Talanoa Dialogue as key frameworks for enhancing climate action. The 2017 One Planet Summit saw significant commitments from governments, businesses, and international organizations to expand carbon pricing initiatives.

• Carbon Pricing Tools: Carbon pricing initiatives include Emissions Trading Systems (ETSs), carbon taxes, and other mechanisms such as offset programs and results-based climate finance (RBCF). The report differentiates between these tools and highlights their roles in different jurisdictions.

• Subnational Initiatives: Subnational jurisdictions, such as states and cities, are playing an increasingly important role in carbon pricing. The report includes a detailed map (Figure 1) showing the status of ETSs and carbon taxes at these levels.

• Price Trends: Carbon prices have generally increased in 2018 compared to 2017. For instance, the European Union Allowance (EUA) price rose from €5/tCO2e to €13/tCO2e. However, most prices are still below the €40–€80/tCO2e range needed to align with the Paris Agreement's temperature goals.

• Internal Carbon Pricing: The report also explores internal carbon pricing used by businesses and Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). It highlights how this practice is becoming more widespread and is used to manage climate-related financial risks and identify low-carbon business opportunities.

• Technological Innovations: Emerging technologies, such as satellite monitoring, sensors, blockchain, and smart contracts, are being integrated into carbon pricing systems, offering new possibilities for more efficient and transparent carbon markets.

• Policy Integration: Carbon pricing is increasingly being integrated with other policies, such as energy efficiency standards, fiscal policies, and environmental regulations. The report also notes the growing momentum to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and divest from fossil fuel assets.

• Future Trends: The report anticipates further expansion of carbon pricing initiatives, particularly in the Americas, and emphasizes the need for continued progress to meet the Paris Agreement's ambitious targets.

Key Information

• Global Coverage: As of 2018, carbon pricing initiatives cover about 20% of global GHG emissions, with the potential to reach 25% by 2020.

• Carbon Pricing Instruments:

  • ETSs: 25 in total, mostly subnational.
  • Carbon Taxes: 26 primarily national.

• Notable Initiatives:

  • China: Launched its national ETS in December 2017.
  • Kazakhstan: Restarted its ETS in 2018 after a two-year suspension.
  • Argentina and Singapore: Scheduled to implement carbon taxes in 2019.

• Price Increases: Most carbon pricing initiatives saw an increase in 2018 prices. The EUA price rose significantly, reflecting increased confidence in the future of the EU ETS post-2020.

• Supporting Organizations: The report was supported by the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, CDP, Climate Transparency, and other institutions in the climate and carbon finance community.

• Data and Transparency: The report includes an online dashboard for tracking carbon pricing initiatives and their impact, available at: http://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org.

• Challenges and Phased Approaches: Many jurisdictions are adopting phased approaches to implement and adjust carbon pricing systems, addressing capacity and infrastructure concerns.

Conclusion

The 2018 report highlights the growing importance of carbon pricing as a tool for climate action and sustainable development. It emphasizes the need for continued expansion and alignment with the Paris Agreement's goals, as well as the integration of new technologies and the role of non-state actors in driving this momentum. The report calls for increased transparency, collaboration, and policy coherence to ensure that carbon pricing initiatives are effective and scalable.