2024-05-26-世界银行-能源消费的总碳定价_能源税收和补贴的重要性（英）_78页_6mb

Energy Subsidy Reforms and Their Impact on Carbon Pricing

Key Findings:

• Total Carbon Price (TCP)
  The TCP measures the combined carbon price signal from direct carbon pricing (e.g., carbon taxes, ETS) and indirect instruments like energy taxes and subsidies. It averages these signals, weighted by emissions, to assess overall price signals.

• Energy Subsidies' Role:
  Energy consumption subsidies significantly weaken carbon pricing efforts. Globally, energy subsidies act as a negative carbon price signal, counteracting the effects of direct carbon pricing instruments.

• Global and National Variations:
  Carbon price signals vary widely by country. Exporting fossil fuel countries, especially low-income ones, have consistently negative TCP due to high subsidies and low taxes. Importing high-income countries show positive signals but still face overall low carbon prices.

• Policy Implications:
  Energy subsidy reforms are crucial for climate policy. They should complement or align with direct carbon pricing to avoid contradictions. Bridging fiscal and climate policies can enhance effectiveness and co-benefits.

Observations:

• Sectoral Differences:
  The transport sector faces the highest carbon price signals due to taxation on gasoline and diesel. Residential energy use has relatively low signals, while industrial and power sectors fall in between.

• Fuel-Specific Analysis:
  Gasoline and diesel face strong taxation, leading to high carbon prices. Natural gas and coal show varying but generally weak signals. Energy subsidies on kerosene and LPG are minimal but still contribute to higher consumption.

• Country Groupings:
  Fossil fuel pricing policies are country-specific. Exporters tend to have negative TCP, while importers have positive signals, except when subsidies are present. Coal subsidies often remain low despite other policy variations.

Policy Recommendations:

• Coordinate energy, climate, and fiscal policies to avoid contradictions and enhance co-benefits.
• Prioritize energy subsidy reforms alongside carbon pricing to strengthen climate action.
• Improve data quality and reliability for more accurate TCP calculations at national levels.