世界银行-2017年碳定价的现状和趋势（英文）-2017.11_105页_5mb

Summary of State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017

Core Content

The State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017 report, jointly prepared by the World Bank, Ecofys, and Vivid Economics, provides an updated overview of carbon pricing initiatives at the regional, national, and subnational levels, as well as corporate and international efforts. It emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to climate finance and climate markets in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, particularly the goal of limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.

The report highlights that while carbon pricing initiatives have continued to expand, they still need to be deepened and accelerated to meet the Paris Agreement's ambitions. It outlines key priorities for action, including expanding coverage, raising carbon prices, aligning with domestic policies, progressing the Paris Agreement guidelines, and using climate finance strategically.

Main Points

1. Carbon Pricing Initiatives

• Global Expansion: As of 2017, 67 jurisdictions (representing about half of the global economy and over a quarter of global GHG emissions) have implemented or are planning carbon pricing initiatives.
• Emissions Coverage: On average, carbon pricing initiatives cover about 50% of the GHG emissions of these jurisdictions, equivalent to approximately 8 gigatons of CO₂e or 15% of global emissions.
• New Initiatives: Since 2016, eight new carbon pricing initiatives have been launched, with two more planned for 2018, bringing the total to 47 initiatives.
• China's ETS: The Chinese national ETS is expected to be launched by the end of 2017, which will increase the global emissions covered by carbon pricing to between 20–25%.

2. Regional and National Developments

• Americas: Canada has adopted a pan-Canadian approach requiring all provinces and territories to implement carbon pricing by 2018. British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario have already introduced ETSs or carbon taxes.
• United States: Federal climate action has been set back due to the intended withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but subnational efforts continue, with states like Washington and California expanding their ETSs.
• Mexico, Colombia, and Chile: These countries are preparing or considering ETSs as part of their climate strategies.

3. Corporate Carbon Pricing

• Internal Carbon Pricing: Companies are increasingly adopting internal carbon prices, with a 11% increase since 2016. This trend is expected to grow following recommendations from the Financial Stability Board's Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures.

4. Carbon Price Levels

• Current Prices: Carbon prices range from less than $1 to $140 per ton of CO₂e, with about 75% of emissions priced below $10 per ton.
• Paris Ambition: To meet the Paris Agreement's temperature goals, carbon prices should be in the range of $40–80 per ton by 2020. Currently, only 1% of emissions are priced within this range.

5. Climate Finance and Markets

• Integrated Approach: The report advocates for an integrated approach combining climate finance and climate markets to catalyze low-carbon investments.
• Results-Based Climate Finance (RBCF): RBCF is highlighted as a key tool to support the transition to international carbon markets by providing incentives for emission reductions and facilitating the development of market mechanisms.
• Potential Impact: An international carbon market by 2030 could mobilize up to $220 billion annually, covering one-third of the $700 billion in incremental low-carbon investments needed by 2030.

6. Challenges

• Competitiveness Concerns: Domestic industries may face competitiveness issues due to carbon pricing, a concern that has persisted since the 2015 report.
• Policy Uncertainty: The uncertain long-term standing of carbon pricing initiatives, as seen in the US, hampers their effectiveness.
• Trust and Coordination: International cooperation and trust are essential for linking domestic carbon pricing schemes and enabling international market mechanisms.
• Double Counting: Clear accounting rules are needed to prevent double counting and ensure the integrity of climate finance and carbon markets.

Key Information

• The report includes figures and tables that provide detailed data on the status and trends of carbon pricing initiatives globally.
• It references Annexes that cover conversion rates, NDC analysis, views on the operationalization of Articles 6.2 and 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, and cost and investment concepts.
• Boxes highlight specific topics such as the growth of carbon pricing in numbers, the use of internal carbon pricing by multilateral banks, and the maturing of technology markets.

Conclusion

To achieve the 2°C temperature target, the report calls for a more strategic and integrated use of carbon pricing, climate finance, and market mechanisms. It stresses the importance of policy coherence, raising carbon prices, and expanding coverage to ensure the necessary scale of low-carbon investments. The report also underscores the need for international cooperation and the development of robust, transparent, and efficient market systems.

The Carbon Pricing Dashboard launched by the World Bank in May 2017 serves as an interactive tool to track and analyze carbon pricing initiatives globally.

References

• The report was prepared by the World Bank, Ecofys, and Vivid Economics.
• It includes contributions from numerous experts and organizations in the climate and carbon finance community.
• The Partnership for Market Readiness and the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition supported the report and the dashboard.

Key Priorities for Action

• Expand Coverage: Develop new initiatives and broaden the scope of GHG emissions covered.
• Deepen Impact: Raise carbon prices to send stronger signals for low-carbon investment.
• Align with Domestic Policies: Ensure coherence with broader policy frameworks.
• Progress Paris Guidelines: Facilitate the linking of domestic and international carbon pricing mechanisms.
• Integrate Climate Finance: Use climate finance strategically to catalyze climate markets and support transformative investments.