2017年碳定价现状与趋势（英文版）-5mb

Summary of State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017

Core Content

The State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017 report, jointly prepared by the World Bank, Ecofys, and Vivid Economics, provides an updated overview of global carbon pricing initiatives and highlights the need for a more comprehensive and integrated approach to climate finance and carbon markets to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Main Points

Global Carbon Pricing Landscape

• As of 2017, 67 jurisdictions (representing about half of the global economy and more than a quarter of global GHG emissions) have implemented or are planning to implement carbon pricing initiatives.
• Carbon pricing initiatives cover approximately 8 gigatons of CO₂e (about 15% of global GHG emissions) on average.
• The launch of the Carbon Pricing Dashboard by the World Bank in May 2017 provides an interactive platform for tracking and analyzing carbon pricing developments globally.

Regional, National, and Subnational Initiatives

• Americas:
  • Canada introduced a pan-Canadian approach requiring provinces and territories to implement carbon pricing by 2018.
  • British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario have implemented carbon pricing mechanisms, with BC having a baseline-and-credit ETS and Alberta and Ontario using carbon taxes.
  • Mexico and Colombia are preparing to launch ETS pilots in 2018.
• Europe:
  • The EU ETS remains the largest carbon pricing system globally.
• Asia-Pacific:
  • China is set to launch its national ETS by the end of 2017, which will significantly expand the scope of carbon pricing coverage.
  • Other countries are exploring ETS or carbon tax options, including Chile and South Africa.

Corporate Carbon Pricing

• A growing number of companies are adopting internal carbon pricing to guide their low-carbon strategies.
• The number of companies reporting internal carbon prices increased by 11% since 2016.
• The Financial Stability Board's Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures is expected to drive further adoption of internal carbon pricing.

Key Priorities for Carbon Pricing Development

• Expand Coverage: Develop new initiatives and broaden GHG coverage in existing ones.
• Deepen Impact: Raise carbon prices to provide stronger signals for low-carbon investment.
• Align with Domestic Policies: Ensure coherence with broader policy frameworks.
• Advance Paris Agreement Guidelines: Facilitate the linking of domestic schemes and international market mechanisms.
• Integrate Climate Finance: Use climate finance strategically to catalyze climate markets and support transformative policies.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Current carbon prices are largely below the level needed to meet the Paris Agreement's 2°C target (US$40–80/tCO₂e), with only 1% of emissions priced in that range.
• The report emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to climate finance and carbon markets, which can accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.
• Results-Based Climate Finance (RBCF) is highlighted as a tool to support the development of climate markets and transition to an international carbon market.

Key Information

Emissions Coverage and Pricing Levels

• As of 2017, carbon pricing initiatives cover about 15% of global GHG emissions.
• The introduction of China’s national ETS will increase this to 20–25%.
• The observed carbon prices range from less than US$1 to US$140/tCO₂e, with most prices below US$10/tCO₂e.

Climate Finance and Markets

• Climate finance can complement and catalyze domestic policies and carbon markets.
• An integrated approach involves:
  • Climate finance supporting market development.
  • As markets mature, they can take over from climate finance in mobilizing resources.
• RBCF is a key mechanism to align climate outcomes with financial incentives and support market growth.

International Cooperation

• Cooperation through international market mechanisms is essential for building trust and enabling the linking of domestic carbon pricing systems.
• The report suggests that an international carbon market by 2030 could mobilize US$220 billion annually, which would be about one-third of the required US$700 billion in incremental low-carbon investments.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of expanding, deepening, and accelerating carbon pricing initiatives globally to align with the Paris Agreement's goals. It calls for a strategic and integrated approach that combines domestic carbon pricing, climate finance, and international market mechanisms to achieve the necessary scale of low-carbon investments and support the transition to a sustainable development path.