世界银行-2017年碳定价的现状和趋势（英文）-2017.11_104页-5mb

Summary of "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017"

Core Content

The State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2017 report, jointly prepared by the World Bank, Ecofys, and Vivid Economics, provides an updated overview of global carbon pricing initiatives and highlights the importance of integrating climate finance with carbon pricing and domestic policies to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Main Points

• Carbon Pricing Momentum: There has been continued progress in carbon pricing at the regional, national, and subnational levels. As of 2017, 67 jurisdictions, representing about half of the global economy and more than a quarter of global GHG emissions, have implemented or are planning to implement carbon pricing initiatives.

• Coverage and Price Levels: Carbon pricing initiatives cover approximately 8 gigatons of CO₂e, or 15% of global GHG emissions. However, most of these are priced at less than $10/tCO₂e, with only 1% priced within the $40–80/tCO₂e range needed to meet the Paris Agreement's temperature goals. The report emphasizes that current price levels are too low to significantly impact emissions.

• New Initiatives: Since 2016, eight new carbon pricing initiatives have been launched, and two more are scheduled for 2018, bringing the total to 47. Once the Chinese national ETS is implemented, coverage will increase to 20–25% of global emissions.

• Regional Developments:

  • Americas: Canada introduced a pan-Canadian approach requiring all provinces and territories to have a carbon pricing initiative by 2018. British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario have implemented carbon taxes or ETSs.
  • United States: Federal climate action has been delayed due to the intended withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. However, subnational efforts continue, such as Washington State’s ETS and California’s extension of its ETS until 2030.
  • Other Regions: Mexico, Colombia, and Chile are exploring ETSs, while RGGI (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative) and Oregon and Virginia are working to introduce carbon pricing.

• Corporate Action: Companies are increasingly adopting internal carbon pricing. The number of companies disclosing internal carbon prices rose by 11% since 2016, and the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures is expected to drive further adoption.

• Climate Finance and Markets: The report emphasizes the need for an integrated approach combining climate finance and international climate markets to accelerate low-carbon investments. Results-based climate finance (RBCF) is highlighted as a tool to support the development of climate markets and the transition to an international carbon market.

• Key Priorities:

  • Expanding coverage to include more GHG emissions.
  • Raising carbon prices to send stronger signals for low-carbon investments.
  • Aligning carbon pricing with domestic policies.
  • Progressing Paris Agreement guidelines for linking domestic initiatives and using international market mechanisms.
  • Using climate finance strategically to catalyze climate markets.

Key Information

• Carbon Pricing Dashboard: Launched in May 2017, this interactive tool provides real-time data and visuals on carbon pricing initiatives worldwide.

• Challenges:

  • Competitiveness Concerns: Domestic industries may face competitiveness issues due to carbon pricing.
  • Policy Uncertainty: Long-term uncertainty about climate policy can hinder the implementation of carbon pricing initiatives.
  • International Cooperation: Trust and common standards are essential for linking domestic initiatives and enabling international market mechanisms.

• Economic and Environmental Benefits: Annual low-carbon investments of about $700 billion are needed by 2030 to achieve the Paris Agreement's goals. International carbon markets could mobilize up to $220 billion annually, reducing the cost of emission reduction targets.

• RBCF Role: RBCF supports the creation of climate markets by providing funding based on climate results, such as emission reductions or renewable capacity installations. It also helps in transitioning to an international carbon market by building monitoring, reporting, and verification systems and encouraging private sector engagement.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of accelerating carbon pricing initiatives to meet the Paris Agreement's goals. It calls for an integrated policy approach that combines domestic carbon pricing, climate finance, and international market mechanisms to ensure a low-carbon development path that delivers both environmental and economic benefits.