2025年气候行动监测报告_97页_5mb

Summary of The Climate Action Monitor 2025

Core Content

The Climate Action Monitor 2025 is an annual publication by the OECD, part of the International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC). It assesses global climate action, highlighting progress, challenges, and the need for stronger commitments and implementation to align with the goals of the Paris Agreement. The report evaluates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate targets, and policy actions across 52 countries and the EU-27, using a multidisciplinary framework and data from various international sources.

Main Findings

1. Global Climate Action Progress

• Global GHG emissions reached an all-time high in 2023 at 55 Gt CO₂e, indicating the world is off track to meet the 1.5°C and 2°C temperature goals.
• Global climate action expanded by only 1% in 2024, continuing the slowdown observed since 2021.
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for 2030 remain insufficient, and current commitments are not aligned with long-term net-zero targets.
• Only 18% of global emissions covered by net-zero targets are backed by legally binding legislation, highlighting a significant gap in policy implementation.
• Climate action in 2024 was uneven, with some countries and sectors showing progress while others lagged, risking competitiveness and carbon leakage.

2. Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities

• Climate-related hazards are intensifying, including extreme heat, droughts, and wildfires.
• Extreme temperatures are reaching critical levels, with vulnerable populations, such as the elderly in Japan, facing heightened risks.
• Droughts are worsening across most regions, particularly affecting agriculture.
• Economic losses and mortality from climate-related disasters have risen, showing systemic vulnerabilities in many countries.

3. Sectoral and Regional Climate Action

• The transport sector remains a major contributor to GHG emissions, with limited progress in reducing emissions despite increased EV subsidies and ICE phase-outs.
• Market-based instruments, such as carbon pricing, are underutilized despite their proven effectiveness.
• Climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded only marginally since 2021.
• OECD countries have higher per capita emissions than OECD partners in most sectors, except manufacturing and industry.
• Economic growth continues to drive emissions in OECD partner countries, indicating the need for decoupling emissions from growth.

Key Viewpoints

• The Paris Agreement has been pivotal in reducing projected global warming, but current commitments still fall short of the necessary ambition.
• The gap between climate commitments and actual implementation is widening, requiring stronger policy coherence and international cooperation.
• Climate action must be tailored to national contexts, considering income levels, structural factors, and institutional capacity.
• Decoupling emissions from economic and population growth is essential for long-term mitigation, especially in developing countries.
• The OECD's Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF) is a key tool in evaluating climate policy effectiveness and progress.

Critical Information

• NDC 3.0, the updated Nationally Determined Contributions for 2035, provides an opportunity to raise ambition and align with net-zero targets.
• The OECD has broadened its coverage to include more countries and policy areas, such as waste, agriculture, and financial instruments.
• Forward-looking climate-hazard projections are now included, offering insights into future risks across multiple climate scenarios.
• Data gaps and methodological limitations are acknowledged, with the report providing preliminary estimates where necessary to maintain comprehensive aggregates.

Conclusion

The report underscores the urgent need for ambitious and effective climate policies to close the implementation gap and meet global climate targets. It highlights that while some progress has been made, the slowdown in climate action since 2021 cannot be attributed solely to the pandemic or economic shocks, but reflects deeper structural challenges. The OECD continues to support its members and partners in developing and implementing climate policies through its IPAC Dashboard and CAPMF, aiming to improve data quality, policy coherence, and international cooperation.