国际能源署-在巴西实施天然气市场改革（英）-2021.12-66页_6mb

Summary of "Implementing Gas Market Reform in Brazil: Insights from European Experience"

Core Content

The document outlines the Novo Mercado de Gás (New Gas Market) reform programme in Brazil, which aims to liberalise the gas market, enhance competition, and support the integration of intermittent renewables and low-carbon gases into the energy system. It is based on the International Energy Agency (IEA)'s technical advice and draws on European experience in gas market design and reforms.

Main Views and Key Information

1. Purpose of the Reform

• The reform is intended to increase physical flexibility of the gas system, facilitate faster delivery, and foster competition.
• It supports clean energy transition by enabling the integration of intermittent renewables and low-carbon gases such as biomethane, hydrogen, and synthetic methane.
• A competitive and transparent gas market is essential for efficient resource allocation, transparent price discovery, and sustainable energy development.

2. Regulatory Framework for Market Liberalisation

• The regulatory framework is crucial for enabling market liberalisation and ensuring fair competition.
• It includes unbundling of network operators from production and supply activities to prevent monopolistic practices.
• Network codes are necessary to ensure non-discriminatory access to gas infrastructure and to define common rules for capacity allocation, tariffs, congestion management, and data exchange.

3. Unbundling Models

• Ownership unbundling is considered the most effective model, where the Transmission System Operator (TSO) owns the network but does not have operational control or voting rights.
• Independent System Operator (ISO) and Independent Transmission Operator (ITO) models are also discussed, where grid operations are managed independently from the owner.
• European experience shows that multiple unbundling models can coexist.

4. Entry-Exit Model

• The entry-exit model is a key mechanism for enhancing competition and facilitating gas trade independent of physical location.
• It allows market participants to trade at virtual trading points (VTP), which is a more flexible and market-oriented approach compared to traditional point-to-point systems.
• Brazil has taken steps to implement this model by adjusting state-level taxation to align with entry-exit principles.

5. Capacity Auctioning and Network Planning

• Capacity auctioning is a mechanism to allocate network capacity efficiently and transparently.
• The gas transmission system in Brazil includes 9409 km of pipelines, 14 processing plants, 33 compressor stations, and 187 city gates.
• A potential investment of BRL 17 billion (USD 4.5 billion) is estimated for the gas transmission infrastructure system.

6. Midstream Flexibility

• Midstream flexibility is vital for gas supply security and short-term trade development.
• Tools and mechanisms such as flexibility requirements, dynamic pricing, and interoperability are essential to support this.

7. Setting Up a Liquid Hub

• A liquid hub is a centralized marketplace where supply and demand are matched in a cost- and time-efficient manner.
• Key factors for a successful hub include market liquidity, transparent pricing, and effective infrastructure.

8. Distribution System Operators (DSOs)

• DSOs are responsible for delivering natural gas to end-users.
• Their unbundling and tariff regulation are important to ensure fair access and market efficiency.

9. Role of Natural Gas and Low-Carbon Gases

• Natural gas plays a crucial role in Brazil's energy transition.
• The deployment of low-carbon gases requires non-discriminatory blending limits, interoperability, data exchange, and quality-neutral trading.
• These reforms will support the integration of low-carbon gases into the gas system and facilitate their trading.

10. IEA Collaboration

• Brazil joined the IEA as an association country in October 2017.
• The IEA has been providing technical support and peer review to Brazil since 2018, with the support of the UK and Netherlands governments.
• Activities include workshops, technical visits, and policy discussions to align Brazil with international best practices.

Key Outcomes of the Reform Dialogue

• The second phase of the IEA-Brazil dialogue (2019-2020) focused on implementing the New Gas Market programme.
• The collaboration led to the publication of a white paper summarising European best practices in gas market design.
• The regulatory framework is being developed with the involvement of multiple stakeholders, including regulators, ministries, and industry experts.

Challenges and Considerations

• The current regulatory framework is being developed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has reduced energy demand and created financial challenges for energy utilities.
• Short-term support mechanisms are necessary to maintain supply chain stability without affecting consumer affordability.
• The long-term vision of the reform includes multi-gas systems and decarbonisation, which require forward-looking policies and infrastructure planning.

Conclusion

The Novo Mercado de Gás reform programme represents a major step towards a more competitive, flexible, and sustainable gas market in Brazil. The IEA's collaboration has played a key role in guiding Brazil towards international best practices, with a focus on market liberalisation, regulatory frameworks, capacity auctioning, and supporting low-carbon gases. The successful implementation of these reforms will enhance Brazil's energy security, facilitate clean energy integration, and support long-term decarbonisation goals.