2026-06-03-世界卫生组织-Samoa_Essential_Medicines_List_2022_English_28页_962kb

报告摘要

Summary of Samoa's Essential Medicines List 2022

Core Content and Objectives

The Samoa Essential Medicines List (EML) 2022 was reviewed with the aim of improving healthcare by:

Phasing out outdated medicines
Introducing new medicines currently prescribed nationally
Promoting rational prescribing through identifying prescribing privileges
Identifying the list of essential medicines available in district hospitals
Supporting planning for the Medicines Tender 2022–2024
Achieving cost savings on the annual medicines budget

The review was based on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, March 2021, and followed the WHO definition of essential medicines as those that are most important for satisfying the health needs of the majority of the population. The selection criteria included public health relevance, efficacy and safety evidence, and cost-effectiveness.

Key Information

The EML includes a wide range of medicines grouped by therapeutic class and includes details on:

Prescribing Authority: Indicates the level of medical personnel authorized to prescribe each medicine (e.g., MI – Medical Intern, JR1 – Junior Registrar 1, etc.)
Availability in Rural Hospitals: Specifies whether the medicine is available (Y), not available (N), or is a controlled drug (CD) or emergency trolley (ET) item

Main Sections and Medicines

1. Anaesthetics

General Anaesthetics and Oxygen:
- New entries: etomidate, isoflurane, sevoflurane
- Available in rural hospitals: nitrous oxide, oxygen
- Prescribing authority: HOU, CS (for most), JR2/SR (for some)
Local Anaesthetics:
- Available: ephedrine, lignocaine
- Prescribing authority: JR2/SR
Sedation for short-term procedures and emergencies:
- Available: midazolam, nitrous oxide
- Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

2. Analgesics, Antipyretics and Related Agents

Non-Opioids and NSAIDs:
- Available: aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen
- Prescribing authority: MI/JR1 (for most), JR2/SR (for some)
Opioid Analgesics:
- Available: codeine, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone, pethidine
- Prescribing authority: JR1, HOU, CS
Medicines for Gout:
- Available: allopurinol, colchicine
- Prescribing authority: MI/JR1
DMARDs for Rheumatoid Disorders:
- Available: methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine
- Prescribing authority: JR1

3. Anti-Allergics and Medicines for Anaphylaxis

Available: adrenaline, loratidine, promethazine
Prescribing authority: MI/JR1

4. Antidotes and Other Substances for Poisonings

Non-specific antidotes:
- Available: fullers earth, activated charcoal
Specific antidotes:
- Available: acetylcysteine, atropine, calcium gluconate, naloxone
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

5. Anticonvulsants/Antiepileptics

Available: carbamazepine, diazepam, levetiracetam, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, sodium valproate
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

6. Anti-Infective Medicines

Anti-Helminthics:
- Available: pyrantel
Anti-Bacterials:
- Available: amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, flucloxacillin, gentamicin, meropenem, metronidazole, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
- Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR
Anti-Fungals:
- Available: clotrimazole, nystatin, griseofulvin
Combination Anti-Infective and Anti-Inflammatory:
- Available: miconazole + hydrocortisone
Anti-Virals:
- Available: acyclovir

7. Anti-Migraine Medicines

Available: sumatriptan, propranolol
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

8. Anti-Neoplastic and Immunosuppressive Medicines

Immunosuppressives:
- Available: dexamethasone, prednisolone
Cytotoxic Medicines:
- Available: cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea
Hormones and Anti-Hormones:
- Available: tamoxifen
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

9. Anti-Parkinsonism Medicines

Available: benztropine, benzhexol, levodopa + carbidopa
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

10. Medicines Affecting the Blood

Anti-Anaemia Medicines:
- Available: ferrous salt, folic acid
Coagulation Medicines:
- Available: heparin sodium, phytomenadione, protamine sulphate, tranexamic acid
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

11. Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes

Plasma Substitutes:
- Available: gelatin
Plasma Fractions:
- Available: factor VIII, normal human immunoglobulin
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

12. Cardiovascular Medicines

Anti-Anginal Medicines:
- Available: atenolol, diltiazem, isosorbide mononitrate, metoprolol
Anti-Arrhythmic Medicines:
- Available: adenosine, amiodarone, flecainide, sotalol
Anti-Hypertensive Medicines:
- Available: amlodipine, captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, felodipine, losartan, methyldopa, nifedipine, quinapril
Heart Failure Medicines:
- Available: dobutamine, dopamine, digoxin, metaraminol, metoprolol succinate
Anti-Thrombotic Medicines:
- Available: aspirin, clopidogrel
Lipid-Lowering Agents:
- Available: atorvastatin, simvastatin

13. Dermatological Medicines (Topical)

Anti-Fungals:
- Available: clotrimazole, miconazole, miconazole + hydrocortisone, gentian violet
Anti-Infectives:
- Available: gentian violet, clotrimazole
Anti-Inflammatory and Antipuritic:
- Available: miconazole + hydrocortisone
Scabicides and Pediculicides:
- Available: not specified
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

14. Diagnostic Agents

Ophthalmic Medicines:
- Available: not specified

15. Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Available: not specified

16. Diuretics and Other Drugs Affecting the Genitourinary Tract

Diuretics:
- Available: not specified
Other drugs:
- Available: not specified

17. Gastrointestinal Medicines

Available: antacids, anti-emetics, anti-haemorrhoidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, laxatives, anti-diarrheal
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

18. Hormones, Endocrine Medicines, and Contraceptives

Available: androgens, estrogens, progestogens, ovulation inducers, insulins, anti-diabetic agents, thyroid hormones
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

19. Immunologicals

Available: sera and immunoglobulins, other immunological agents
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

20. Muscle Relaxants and Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Available: not specified

21. Ophthalmic, Ear, and Nose Preparations

Available: anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, combination, local anaesthetics, miotics, mydriatics, surgical aids, artificial tears
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

22. Gynaecological and Obstetric Medicines

Available: medicines for obstetrics and gynaecology
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

23. Psychotherapeutic Medicines

Available: medicines for psychotic, mood, generalized anxiety, and sleep disorders, ADHD
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

24. Medicines Acting on the Respiratory Tract

Available: anti-asthmatics, nasal decongestants, cough preparations
Prescribing authority: JR2/SR

25. Solutions Correcting Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disturbances

Available: oral and parenteral solutions
Prescribing authority: JR1, JR2/SR

26. Vitamins and Minerals

Available: not specified

27. Medicines for Intensive Care

Available: not specified

28. Medicines for Neonatal Care

Available: not specified

Acknowledgements

The review was supported by:

Director General of Health: Leausa Take Naseri
Deputy Director General for Hospital & Clinical Services: Dr. Glen Fatupaito
Deputy Director General for Public Health: Tagaloa Dr. Robert Thomsen
Heads of Units for Clinical Services and Pharmaceutical Services Manager: Lilomaiava Aharoni Viliamu
Pharmacy Team: Principal Pharmacists (Brenda, Santoria, Penaia, Leolasi)
World Health Organization (WHO): Provided funding and support for the review and dissemination

Conclusion

This EML aims to enhance the availability of essential medicines, promote rational use, and support cost-effective healthcare planning. It reflects the current national prescribing practices and includes both new and existing medicines, with clear guidelines on availability and prescribing privileges.

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