世界就业与社会展望：2020年趋势（英文版）_108页_2mb

World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020 Summary

Core Content

The World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020 report provides a comprehensive analysis of global employment and social trends, emphasizing the challenges of inequality, underutilization of labor, and the persistence of decent work deficits. It outlines key findings and policy implications for achieving sustainable and inclusive development.

Main Points

• Labour Market Inequality: Labour markets globally are marked by significant disparities, particularly in access to decent work and income distribution.
• Underutilization of Labour: The traditional unemployment rate is insufficient to capture the full extent of labor underutilization, which includes underemployment and marginal attachment to the labor market.
• Decent Work Deficits: Even when people are employed, the quality of work is often poor, with many workers in informal sectors lacking job security, fair wages, and social protection.
• Poverty and Employment: A substantial portion of the global workforce still lives in extreme or moderate poverty, despite employment.

Key Findings

Global Employment and Social Trends

• The global unemployment rate in 2019 was 5.4%, and it is expected to remain stable in the coming years.
• Total labour underutilization (including unemployment, underemployment, and marginal attachment) is more than twice the unemployment rate, affecting over 470 million people.
• Informal employment accounts for 61% of the global workforce, with 2 billion workers engaged in informal jobs.
• Working poverty affects over 630 million workers, or 19% of the global workforce, who earn less than US$3.20 per day in PPP terms.

Regional Disparities

• Low-income countries face challenges in reducing poverty and improving working conditions due to slow economic growth and limited structural transformation.
• Geographical disparities in access to decent work are significant. Low-income countries have the highest employment-to-population ratio (68%) but also the highest rates of poverty and poor working conditions.
• Urban-rural divide is evident: while urban employment rates are slightly lower than rural ones (56% vs 59%), underemployment is higher in rural areas (6% vs 4%).
• Migration trends show a rise in the urban working-age population from 50% in 2005 to 55% in 2019, indicating significant rural-to-urban migration, especially in upper-middle-income countries.

Gender and Age Inequalities

• Gender inequality persists, with 47% of women in the global labor force compared to 74% of men, a 27 percentage point gap.
• Female labor underutilization is particularly high in North Africa and the Arab States, with 40% of women in the extended labor force affected.
• Youth unemployment and underemployment are major concerns, with 22% of young people (15-24 years) not in employment, education, or training (NEET).
• In Latin America and the Caribbean, women earn 17% less per hour than men, despite higher educational attainment.

Labour Income Inequality

• Labour income share of the global workforce declined from 54% in 2004 to 51% in 2017, with the largest drops in Europe and Central Asia and the Americas.
• Self-employed workers in high-income countries are experiencing a decline in income relative to employees, contributing to the overall reduction in the labour income share.
• Income inequality is stark, with the top 50% of workers receiving over 80% of total labour income, while the bottom 50% receive less than 20%.

Conclusion

The report underscores the urgent need for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, comprehensive labor market policies, and targeted interventions to address inequalities and decent work deficits. It highlights the importance of improving data collection and measurement to better understand and address the challenges facing workers globally, especially in low-income countries and among women and young people. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly Goal 1 (eradicating extreme poverty), remain challenging to achieve due to persistent labor market issues.

Key Messages

1. Low-income countries face significant challenges in reducing poverty and improving working conditions due to slow and non-inclusive economic growth.
2. Total labour underutilization is more than twice the unemployment rate, affecting over 470 million people globally.
3. Access to paid work does not guarantee decent work, as many workers face poor working conditions, low wages, and lack of social protection.
4. Income inequality is high and persistent, with labour income share declining and significant disparities in income distribution across regions and groups.

Supporting Data

• Data Sources: ILO modelled estimates, Harmonized Microdata, and regional analyses.
• Country Groupings: By region and income level, as detailed in the appendices.
• Labour Market Indicators: Includes employment-to-population ratios, participation rates, underutilization rates, and poverty rates, presented by country income group and subregion.

This report serves as a critical reference for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders aiming to foster inclusive growth, decent work, and social justice on a global scale.