2022-10-02-未来能源研究所--脱碳国家级规划_有效国家行动的关键要素（英）_29页_351kb

State-Level Planning for Decarbonization: Critical Elements of Effective State Action
This report examines the institutional, market, and policy barriers states face in advancing electricity decarbonization and identifies strategies for overcoming them. Key issues include:

1. Clean Generation Investment

• Market Design: Current capacity markets often undervalue renewable contributions to system reliability, limiting their deployment. States should advocate for better valuation methods, such as probabilistic metrics for resource adequacy.
• Interconnection Delays: Backlogged interconnection queues delay renewable projects due to slow transmission planning across jurisdictional boundaries. Collaboration with Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) and use of grid-enhancing technologies can expedite projects.
• Siting and Local Opposition: Local governments often block renewable projects due to zoning concerns or lack of clear incentives. States can incentivize developers through tax exemptions and facilitate community engagement.
• Policy Uncertainty: Repeals or delays of federal/state climate policies undermine investor confidence. Flexible, multilevel policies (e.g., combining renewable portfolio standards with storage targets) enhance stability.
• Trade-offs: Balancing local generation mandates (e.g., 75% in-state renewables) with cost-effectiveness requires careful planning.

2. Transmission Expansion

• Institutional Coordination: Transmission planning is dominated by RTOs, limiting state input. States should leverage FERC’s new protocols to participate in planning and cost allocation.
• Cost Allocation: The "beneficiary pays" principle is hard to implement across jurisdictions. Research on quantifying transmission benefits could streamline funding.
• Capacity Building: States lack specialized expertise; partnerships with research institutions and dedicated state agencies can build internal capacity.
• Local Opposition: Projects face resistance due to ecological concerns or fears of competition. Undergrounding and shared rights-of-way can mitigate conflicts.

3. Demand Management

• Equity and Access: Low-income households face barriers to energy efficiency programs. Tailored programs (e.g., subsidized financing) and partnerships with community organizations can improve inclusivity.
• Metrics and Incentives: Traditional energy efficiency targets lack precise measurement. Performance-based regulation and advanced machine learning tools can improve accountability.
• Price Structures: Static rates discourage demand flexibility. States should explore dynamic pricing models and equitable fixed-load charges to align incentives with decarbonization goals.

Key Findings

State governments must navigate fragmented authority, institutional mismatches, and equity challenges to decarbonize electricity. Effective strategies include:

• Cross-Agency Collaboration: Tasking state agencies to coordinate internally and engage with utilities, RTOs, and local governments.
• Leveraging Federal Tools: Utilizing FERC’s newly formalized state role in transmission planning and advocating for demand response participation in markets.
• Research Priorities: Focusing on transmission benefits quantification, demand response efficacy, and equitable rate designs.

States need greater administrative capacity and innovative partnerships to accelerate decarbonization.