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Summary of Security of Clean Energy Transitions by the International Energy Agency

Core Content

The International Energy Agency (IEA) report Security of Clean Energy Transitions explores the evolving nature of energy security in the context of clean energy transitions and the path to net-zero emissions. It emphasizes the importance of international collaboration, particularly within the G20, to address new and emerging energy security challenges.

The report outlines seven key principles to guide G20 countries in securing their clean energy transitions:

1. Prioritise energy efficiency
2. Secure integration of wind and solar PV in power systems
3. Diversify the portfolio of low-carbon generation technologies
4. Ensure the cost-effective use of existing energy infrastructure
5. Modernise oil security systems
6. Prepare for new and emerging risks to energy security
7. Promote a people-centred and inclusive approach

Main Points

• Energy security is becoming broader and more dynamic as countries transition to clean energy. Traditional energy security risks remain, but new challenges such as cyberattacks, extreme weather events, and critical minerals shortages are emerging.
• Energy efficiency is identified as the "first fuel" for achieving secure and clean energy transitions. It plays a key role in reducing emissions, lowering energy costs, and enhancing resilience.
• Wind and solar PV are expected to dominate the global electricity generation mix by 2025, and their deployment must accelerate to meet net-zero goals. They require flexibility mechanisms to manage variability in supply and demand.
• Diversity in low-carbon generation technologies is essential to mitigate risks. The report highlights the importance of hydropower, nuclear, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and hydrogen as key technologies that can contribute to a secure energy transition.
• Existing energy infrastructure must be adapted to support clean energy goals, including retrofitting fossil fuel plants to use low-carbon fuels and repurposing pipelines for hydrogen or biomethane.
• Digitalisation and smart grids are critical for enhancing system flexibility and resilience, especially in rapidly growing cities. These technologies support real-time monitoring, improved planning, and the integration of distributed energy resources.
• Climate change resilience is a major concern for energy systems, requiring infrastructure hardening, emergency preparedness, and adaptive policies to manage rising temperatures, extreme weather, and other climate impacts.
• Critical minerals are essential for clean energy technologies, and their availability and supply chain resilience must be addressed through international collaboration, recycling, and sustainable mining.
• The G20 Principles on Energy Collaboration, established in 2014, are being updated to reflect the evolving energy landscape and the increased focus on clean energy transitions. Italy, as the 2021 G20 president, has led the initiative to broaden the concept of energy security.

Key Recommendations

• Scale up energy efficiency measures to meet ambitious targets, including annual improvements of 4% in energy intensity by 2030.
• Accelerate the deployment of variable renewables such as solar PV and wind, with a goal of adding 630 GW of solar PV and 390 GW of wind by 2030.
• Invest in diverse low-carbon technologies to ensure a resilient and secure energy system, including hydropower, nuclear, CCUS, and hydrogen.
• Modernise oil security systems and promote transparent, open, and competitive energy markets to adapt to changing energy demands.
• Enhance digital and climate resilience in energy infrastructure, including the development of smart grids and emergency response capabilities.
• Address the role of critical minerals in clean energy technologies through international collaboration, policy reforms, and supply chain diversification.
• Promote inclusive and people-centred transitions to ensure energy access, affordability, and equity, particularly in producer economies.

Conclusion

The report underscores that a secure clean energy transition requires policy coherence, international cooperation, and innovation. It calls for a strategic and coordinated approach to energy efficiency, renewable integration, infrastructure adaptation, and risk management to ensure that energy security is maintained while achieving climate goals. The seven principles outlined serve as a framework for G20 countries to guide their energy policies and collaborative efforts in the transition to a net-zero future.