国际能源署-希腊2023能源政策审查（英）-2023-167页_4mb

Greece 2023 Energy Policy Review Summary

Core Content

The International Energy Agency (IEA) conducted a comprehensive review of Greece's energy and climate policies, focusing on its transition to a secure, affordable, and sustainable energy system by 2050. The review highlights Greece's efforts to reduce reliance on Russian energy, increase renewable energy production, and improve energy efficiency across all sectors.

Main Viewpoints

• Energy and Climate Goals: Greece aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, with the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the National Climate Law setting ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 55% by 2030, 80% by 2040, and reaching net zero by 2050.
• Reduction of Fossil Fuel Dependence: Greece has significantly reduced the share of lignite in its power mix, decreasing it from 60% in 2005 to 10% in 2021. This shift has lowered the carbon intensity of electricity generation. However, fossil fuels still account for 82% of total energy supply, and stronger efforts are needed to align with climate targets.
• Energy Security and Affordability: Greece has taken measures to ensure energy security, including diversifying energy sources, increasing LNG import capacity, and boosting renewable energy deployment. The government has also introduced policies to protect vulnerable consumers from high energy prices.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is a key priority, with the NECP outlining a wide range of measures. Despite progress, Greece has not fully met its energy efficiency targets, and more efforts are needed to realize the full potential of energy savings.
• Renewable Energy Expansion: Greece is investing heavily in renewable energy, particularly wind and solar PV. The country has also made progress in promoting electrification for transport and heating/cooling, and is a global leader in solar thermal for building hot water.
• Infrastructure and Market Reforms: Greece has implemented major reforms in its electricity market, including the introduction of three spot markets and a derivatives market, as well as joining the intraday European market coupling. The gas market has also seen reforms, including the opening of a natural gas spot market in 2022.
• Covid-19 Recovery and Resilience: The Greece 2.0 plan, submitted to the EU's Recovery and Resilience Facility, includes significant funding for energy efficiency, renewable energy, and EV infrastructure, aiming to support recovery and resilience post-pandemic.

Key Information

Energy Supply and Demand (2021)

• Total Energy Supply (TES): 851 PJ, a 24% decrease since 2011.
• TES by Source:
  • Oil: 46.6%
  • Coal: 8.4%
  • Natural gas: 26.8%
  • Solar and wind: 8.2%
  • Bioenergy and waste: 6.0%
  • Hydro: 2.5%
  • Electricity imports: 1.6%
• Energy Intensity per Capita: 79.8 GJ/capita (IEA average: 167 GJ/capita), a 21% decrease since 2011.
• Energy Intensity per GDP: 2.86 MJ per USD (IEA average: 3.78 MJ per USD), a 19% decrease since 2011.
• Total Final Consumption (TFC): 637 PJ.
• TFC by Sector:
  • Buildings: 38.7%
  • Transport: 36.4%
  • Industry: 24.9%

Renewable Energy

• Greece has made significant progress in increasing renewable energy production, with a 58% rise in renewable energy share from 2011 to 2021.
• The country's renewable energy targets include achieving 31% of total final energy consumption from renewables by 2030.
• Greece is a leader in solar thermal for building hot water and has approved its first Offshore Wind Law, aiming for 2 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030.

Energy Efficiency

• Energy efficiency measures have led to notable savings, but Greece fell short of its 2020-2021 energy-saving targets.
• The government is encouraged to focus on deep renovations in buildings, combining thermal insulation with heat pumps.
• In the transport sector, incentives are being provided to replace old vehicles, especially freight trucks, with more efficient models.

Energy Taxation and Subsidies

• Greece has high effective CO₂ tax rates compared to other OECD countries, but these vary across fuels and uses, creating inconsistent carbon price signals.
• Fossil fuel subsidies in 2020 amounted to over EUR 1.9 billion, equivalent to more than one-quarter of energy tax revenue.
• The government is advised to adjust taxes, market regulations, and financial support to better align with climate goals and reduce the risk of stranded assets.

Reducing Dependence on Russian Fossil Fuels

• Greece has reduced its reliance on Russian energy, with LNG imports increasing and Russian imports dropping from 40% to less than 20% of gas supply.
• The government is increasing domestic energy production and stockpiling lignite as a security measure.
• A new floating LNG terminal is expected to be operational by the end of 2023, nearly doubling Greece's LNG import capacity.

Energy Poverty and High Prices

• Energy poverty in Greece is higher than the EU average, with 17.5% of the population unable to adequately heat their homes in 2021.
• The government has introduced the Social Tariff to support vulnerable consumers and has allocated EUR 9 billion to energy subsidies and price reductions from 2021 to 2022.
• Greece's recovery and resilience plan includes EUR 30.5 billion in funding for energy efficiency, renewable energy, and EV infrastructure.

Key Recommendations

1. Reassess Fossil Fuel Infrastructure Investments: Consider the risk of stranded assets and direct capital towards energy transition.
2. Streamline Legal and Regulatory Frameworks: Ensure transparency and stability to facilitate the timely deployment of renewable and electricity projects.
3. Adjust Taxes and Subsidies: Align energy pricing and support with climate goals to drive sustainable behavior.
4. Promote Deep Building Renovations: Focus on thermal insulation and heat pumps to maximize energy savings.
5. Accelerate EV Adoption: Provide incentives for replacing old vehicles and expanding public charging infrastructure.
6. Enhance Energy Efficiency Obligation Schemes: Learn from other IEA members to improve energy savings and meet targets.
7. Expand Renewable Energy Capacity: Continue to increase wind, solar PV, and other renewables to reduce fossil fuel dependence.
8. Improve Energy Market Functioning: Strengthen electricity and gas market structures to support a just and efficient transition.

Conclusion

Greece has made significant strides in its energy transition, particularly in reducing lignite dependence and increasing renewable energy production. However, challenges remain in terms of fossil fuel reliance, energy efficiency, and the role of natural gas in the future energy mix. The IEA recommends further reforms and investments to ensure Greece achieves its net zero emissions goal and maintains energy security and affordability.