国际能源署-爱沙尼亚2023能源政策审查（英）-2023.11-83页_2mb

Climate and Energy Policy: Estonia has reduced GHG emissions and set ambitious targets for carbon neutrality by 2050 and 100% renewable electricity by 2030. Recommendations include passing a climate law with binding targets, phasing out oil shale, aligning price signals with climate goals (e.g., carbon pricing, energy taxation), and enhancing forest/biomass policies to support emission reductions.

Electricity: Estonia aims for 100% renewable electricity by 2030 but faces challenges in grid transformation, permitting, and market design. Recommendations focus on clarifying pathways to meet renewable targets, accelerating infrastructure deployment (smart grids, storage), ensuring grid flexibility, and improving regional electricity integration.

Buildings: The buildings sector dominates energy demand (53% of TFEC), but renovation rates are low. Opportunities include boosting heat pump deployment, improving energy performance certificates (EPCs), and scaling deep renovations with better funding mechanisms (e.g., ESCOs) and incentives.

Transport: Transport remains reliant on oil, with limited EV uptake. Actions are needed for cleaner transport (modal shift, vehicle taxation), expanding EV infrastructure, fostering biofuel/methane use, and reducing reliance on private cars via public transport and low-emission zones.

Industry: Energy efficiency gains have reduced industry emissions, but more action is needed. Recommendations include strengthening energy audits, expanding resource efficiency grants, implementing carbon pricing for non-ETS sectors, and fostering industry electrification and demand-side response.

Energy R&D: Estonia's R&D strategy lacks targeted funding for critical energy innovations. The IEA suggests prioritizing R&D for flexibility technologies (DSR, storage) and creating a top-down approach with regulatory sandboxes to accelerate innovation.

Gas Decarbonization and Security: Gas demand is declining; decarbonization hinges on boosting biomethane. Recommendations prioritize a full biomethane policy, monitoring regional gas markets, and ensuring supply security amid energy transitions.