国际能源署-哥伦比亚2023-能源政策审查（英）-2023-165页_4mb

Colombia 2023 Energy Policy Summary

Core Content

Colombia has positioned itself as a leader in clean energy transition, emphasizing a long-term decarbonisation pathway and a policy of energy and economic diversification. The country's energy strategy is aligned with climate action, including a net zero emissions target and an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) aiming for a 51% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. Key documents guiding this transition include the E2050 Strategy, the Energy Transition Law, and the Climate Action Law.

Main Energy Policy Institutions

• National Planning Department (DNP): Promotes strategic vision for social, economic, and environmental outcomes through public policy guidelines and national development plans.
• National Council on Economic and Social Policy (CONPES): Advises the government on economic and social development, issuing reports and policy guidelines.
• Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME): Oversees energy policy across mining, electricity, and gas sectors.
• Mining and Energy Planning Unit (UPME): Supports policy-making with energy data and analysis, and prepares the National Energy Plan 2020-2050.
• National Agency of Hydrocarbons (ANH): Manages hydrocarbon reserves and resources, ensuring their optimal and environmentally safe use.
• National Mining Agency (ANM): Manages state-owned mineral resources, including coal and critical minerals.
• Colombian Geological Survey: Provides technical and scientific support to the energy and mining sectors.
• Institute for Planning and Promotion of Energy Solutions for Non-Interconnected Zones: Supports off-grid rural communities with energy access.
• Energy and Gas Regulatory Commission (CREG): Regulates electricity and gas markets, ensuring service reliability and competition.
• Superintendence of Public Utilities: Oversees the power market and enforces regulations.

Energy Supply and Demand

• Total Energy Supply (TES) in 2021: 1775 PJ, with oil at 45.4%, natural gas at 22.4%, bioenergy and waste at 12.5%, hydro at 12.3%, coal at 7.2%, and solar at 0.1%.
• TES per capita: 35.5 GJ/capita (IEA average: 166.7 GJ/capita).
• TES per unit of GDP: 2.497 MJ per USD PPP (IEA average: 3.737 MJ per USD PPP).
• Total Final Consumption (TFC) in 2021: 1319 PJ, with 39.5% for transport, 35.5% for industry, and 25.1% for buildings.
• Energy production: Dominated by fossil fuels (89% of total production in 2021), primarily oil (41%), coal (38%), and natural gas (10%). Fossil fuels also accounted for 71% of TES.

Energy System Transformation

Energy and Climate Change

• Colombia's GHG emissions are expected to decline significantly by 2030, with a focus on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
• The country has a strong legal framework for climate action, including the Climate Action Law and the National Climate Change Governance (SISCLIMA).
• The IEA Net Zero Emissions Roadmap is a reference for Colombia's long-term climate goals.

Energy Efficiency

• Colombia has set energy savings targets by 2030, aiming to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
• A stronger focus on energy efficiency is needed to support affordable clean energy and reduce emissions.

Renewable Energy

• Renewables accounted for 25% of total energy supply and 29% of final consumption in 2021, significantly above the IEA average.
• Hydropower and bioenergy are the main contributors to renewable energy.
• The country has substantial potential for solar, wind, and geothermal energy, especially in the La Guajira region and along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
• The National Energy Plan (PEN) is being updated to align with the new National Development Plan (PND) 2022-2026 and energy and climate goals.

Electricity

• The electricity sector is largely decarbonised, with hydropower and bioenergy playing a significant role.
• Electricity demand is expected to rise due to economic growth and electrification of end-use sectors.
• The government has initiated long-term auctions for solar and wind projects to expand non-conventional renewable energy.
• The electricity network and market structure are being reformed to support a more flexible and diverse system.

Coal

• Coal accounts for 6.3% of total energy supply and 7.2% of total energy production.
• The country has significant coal export activity, with 90% of coal production exported.
• Colombia is transitioning away from coal dependency, with a focus on reducing emissions and supporting a just transition.

Natural Gas

• Natural gas contributes 22.4% to TES and 9.7% to energy production.
• The country has substantial natural gas reserves and production potential.
• Natural gas infrastructure is being developed to support both domestic use and export activities.

Oil

• Oil is the largest energy source in TES (39.7%) and contributes close to 2% of GDP and 13% of government revenue.
• Colombia's oil sector is undergoing a shift towards a more diversified and sustainable model, with the national oil company Ecopetrol playing a pivotal role.
• The government aims to create a fund from fossil fuel royalties and taxes to finance clean energy initiatives.

Key Recommendations

• Define a clear vision for Colombia's energy transition policy and set practical actions to reconcile affordable and secure energy growth with net zero emissions targets.
• Ensure consistency in policies, targets, and ambitions across laws, decrees, and sectoral plans.
• Develop a medium- to long-term energy security road map, outlining specific actions for securing oil, gas, electricity, and critical minerals.
• Implement a people-centred transition strategy in collaboration with local territories and industries, including social guidelines, retraining programs, and local benefits from clean energy projects.
• Improve the coherence of policy planning and set clear energy efficiency and clean energy technology targets for 2030.
• Enhance energy research, development, and innovation to support the transition to low-emission technologies, such as hydrogen and CCS.
• Ensure that energy pricing and subsidy mechanisms support clean energy uptake and benefit vulnerable groups.
• Address income inequality and energy access gaps, particularly in rural and indigenous areas.
• Promote investments in clean energy to compensate for declining fossil fuel export revenues.
• Strengthen the regulatory framework and market structure to support a more flexible and diverse energy system.
• Ensure the resilience of energy supply during extreme weather events and in isolated areas.