2023-05-08-IEA-希腊2023能源政策审查_167页_3mb

Greece 2023 Energy Policy Review Summary

Core Content

The International Energy Agency (IEA) has conducted a comprehensive review of Greece's energy and climate policies, highlighting both achievements and ongoing challenges in the country's transition to a more secure, affordable, and sustainable energy system.

Main Viewpoints

• Energy and Climate Goals: Greece is committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050, with the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) adopted in 2019 and the National Climate Law enacted in May 2022 setting ambitious targets for GHG reductions.
• Energy Transition Progress: Greece has made significant strides in reducing reliance on Russian fossil fuels and decreasing the share of lignite in its energy mix, which has contributed to lower carbon intensity in electricity generation.
• Energy Efficiency and Renewables: Efforts to improve energy efficiency have been noted, with some success in reducing energy demand and emissions. Renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, has seen substantial growth, and Greece is a leader in solar thermal for building hot water.
• Energy Poverty and Price Management: The government has implemented measures to combat energy poverty, including the social tariff and the Energy Transition Fund, which has provided EUR 9 billion in subsidies and support for consumers.
• Infrastructure and Market Reforms: Greece has introduced major reforms to its electricity market, including the establishment of three wholesale electricity spot markets and a derivatives market, as well as a natural gas spot market in 2022.
• Challenges: Despite progress, fossil fuels still dominate Greece's energy supply, and stronger efforts are needed to meet climate targets and reduce energy demand. Energy taxation and subsidies are inconsistent and may hinder the energy transition.

Key Information

Energy Supply and Demand (2021)

• Total Energy Supply (TES): 851 PJ, a decrease of 24% since 2011.
• TES by Source:
  • Oil: 46.6%
  • Coal: 8.4%
  • Natural Gas: 26.8%
  • Solar and Wind: 8.2%
  • Bioenergy and Waste: 6.0%
  • Hydro: 2.5%
  • Electricity Imports: 1.6%
• Energy Intensity per Capita: 79.8 GJ/capita (IEA average: 167 GJ/capita), a decrease of 21% since 2011.
• Energy Intensity per GDP: 2.86 MJ per USD (IEA average: 3.78 MJ per USD), a decrease of 19% since 2011.
• Total Final Consumption (TFC): 637 PJ.
• TFC by Sector:
  • Buildings: 38.7%
  • Transport: 36.4%
  • Industry: 24.9%

Climate Targets and Policies

• GHG Emissions Reduction Targets:
  • 55% reduction by 2030
  • 80% reduction by 2040
  • Net zero by 2050
• Lignite Phase-out: Greece aims to end lignite use for electricity generation by 2028.
• Just Transition: Measures are in place to support the transition of lignite-mining regions.

Energy Poverty and High Prices

• Energy Poverty: Increased, with 17.5% of the population and 36.7% of vulnerable consumers unable to adequately heat their homes in 2021.
• Action Plan to Combat Energy Poverty: Released in September 2021, it includes specific measures to reduce energy poverty.
• Social Tariff: Provides discounted electricity rates to vulnerable consumers, benefiting 500,000–550,000 households in 2019.
• Energy Transition Fund: Launched in 2021, it has allocated EUR 9 billion to support consumers and reduce energy prices.

Reducing Dependence on Russian Fossil Fuels

• Import Dependence:
  • 96% of hard coal
  • 41% of natural gas
  • 21% of crude oil
• Mitigation Steps:
  • Increased imports from other countries
  • Expansion of renewable energy production
  • Implementation of energy efficiency measures
  • New LNG terminal projects, including a floating storage unit and a new floating LNG terminal expected to double import capacity by 2023.

Energy Taxation and Subsidies

• CO₂ Taxation: Effective tax rates are high compared to other OECD countries, but inconsistent across fuels and uses.
• Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Estimated at over EUR 1.9 billion in 2020, representing more than one-quarter of energy tax revenue.
• Subsidy Reductions: From 2015 to 2020, fossil fuel subsidies decreased by 14% due to reduced direct transfers for oil-fired generation and lower heating allowances.

Renewable Energy Development

• Renewable Energy Targets:
  • 55% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030
  • 80% reduction by 2040
  • Net zero by 2050
• Renewable Energy Growth:
  • From 86 PJ to 136 PJ in domestic production (2011–2021)
  • Solar and wind increased from 2.2% to 8.2% of TES
  • Bioenergy and waste increased from 4.8% to 6.0%
• Renewable Energy in Transport: Biofuel blending mandates are the main source of renewable energy in transport.
• Renewable Energy in Electricity: 28% of energy demand is now covered by electricity (up from 23% in 2011).
• Offshore Wind: Greece approved its first Offshore Wind Law in August 2022, aiming for 2 GW of capacity by 2030.

Energy Efficiency

• Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme: Achieved higher energy savings than expected between 2017 and 2020, but Greece fell short of its overall target.
• Building Sector: Older building stock presents a significant opportunity for energy savings. Stricter building codes and incentives for thermal renovations are in place.
• Transport Sector: Subsidies and fiscal measures support EV adoption, while local authorities are required to promote modal shifts away from private vehicles.
• Industry Sector: Energy demand audits are the main measure, but more is needed to achieve full potential in energy efficiency.

Energy Research and Development

• R&D Focus: Includes renewable electricity generation, transmission and storage, heating and cooling, energy efficiency, smart electromobility, and low-emission technologies in industry.
• R&D Spending: Increased from 2012 to 2020, but Greece needs to boost its energy R&D efforts to align with climate goals.

Oil and Gas Policy

• Oil Dependency: 7% of electricity generation in 2021 comes from oil, higher than the IEA average of 2%.
• Oil Use: Mainly in transport and building heating.
• Oil Subsidies: Still present, though decreasing.
• Future Plans: Phasing out oil-fired generation on islands by 2030 through grid interconnection and renewable deployment.

Key Recommendations

1. Reassess Fossil Fuel Infrastructure Investments: Consider the risk of stranded assets and focus capital on energy transition.
2. Ensure Transparent and Stable Legal Frameworks: Streamline spatial planning and licensing to support renewable and electricity infrastructure.
3. Align Taxes and Subsidies with Climate Goals: Improve carbon price signals and reduce fossil fuel subsidies.
4. Prioritize Deep Building Renovations: Combine thermal insulation with heat pumps to maximize energy savings.
5. Promote EV Adoption: Provide incentives for replacing old vehicles, especially freight trucks, with more efficient models.

Conclusion

Greece has made notable progress in its energy transition, particularly in reducing reliance on Russian fossil fuels and increasing renewable energy production. However, fossil fuels still dominate its energy mix, and further action is required to meet climate targets and ensure energy security. The government is actively implementing reforms and utilizing the Recovery and Resilience Facility to support these efforts, but alignment of policies with long-term sustainability goals remains a key challenge.