世界银行-波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那萨拉热窝州空气质量管理职能审查（英）-2024_122页_3mb

报告摘要

Functional Review Summary: Air Quality Management in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Core Content

This report presents a functional review of air quality management (AQM) in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), focusing on the institutional, policy, and implementation challenges faced in managing ambient air pollution (AAP). It evaluates six interdependent functions of AQM and identifies key areas for improvement, offering recommendations to strengthen the regulatory and institutional framework for more effective AQM.

Main Findings and Key Points

1. Air Pollution in BiH and Canton Sarajevo

Air pollution in BiH, particularly in urban areas like Sarajevo, is significantly higher than in Western Europe.
In 2021, PM10 limit values were exceeded on more than 80 days in Canton Sarajevo and over 120 days in Ilijaš municipality.
Winter months see the worst air quality due to the use of solid fuels for heating and cooking.
Coal-fired power stations contribute to year-round air pollution, a practice less common in Western Europe.

2. Main Contributors to Air Pollution

Burning of solid fuels in the residential sector is the largest source of PM2.5 emissions in BiH.
In 2015, the residential sector accounted for nearly 60% of PM2.5 emissions.
A 2021-2022 estimate for Sarajevo indicated that 40% of PM2.5 pollution comes from burning biomass and coal for heating.

3. Health and Economic Impacts

Air pollution is responsible for approximately 3,600 annual deaths in BiH.
The economic cost of these deaths is estimated at US$2.4 billion annually, equivalent to 15.7% of GDP in 2019.
AQM is seen as a key component of climate change mitigation, energy transition, and sustainable growth.

4. Policy and Institutional Framework

BiH has a complex governance structure with no single apex ministry for environmental protection.
Three legal frameworks, organizational structures, and air quality networks exist, with limited harmonization.
The FBiH Environmental Strategy 2022-2032 outlines key measures for reducing pollution, but lacks comprehensive emission data and clear accountability.
Canton Sarajevo has developed a Strategy to Limit the Use of Coal and Other Solid Fuels (2023-2033), aligned with the FBiH Environmental Strategy.

5. Functional Review of AQM in Canton Sarajevo

Function	Key Findings
1. Setting standards and objectives	Standards are aligned with EU directives, but cantons lack clear guidance and accountability mechanisms for translating these into actionable plans.
2. Determining required emission reductions	Emission reduction targets are not comprehensive, based on estimated or missing data, and lack sufficient detail to ensure effectiveness.
3. Developing control strategies	The Environmental Strategy includes measures for fuel regulation and stove replacement, but implementation capacity is limited.
4. Implementing control strategies	Implementation of the CEAP 2021-2025 is progressing, but capacity and expertise are lacking, especially for new initiatives like subsidy programs and chimney sweep services.
5. Monitoring implementation and enforcing compliance	Enforcement mechanisms are limited, especially for residential sources. Chimney sweeps could play a crucial role but lack legal backing.
6. Air quality monitoring and progress evaluation	Monitoring networks are incomplete, with some pollutants unmeasured. Data usage is limited, and a systematic approach to AQM is missing.

6. Challenges in AQM Governance

Fragmentation: Multiple legal frameworks and institutions exist with unclear roles and responsibilities.
Lack of Coordination: Cross-sectoral and cross-level coordination is weak, leading to fragmented policies.
Limited Institutional Capacity: Municipalities and cantonal administrations lack the expertise and resources to implement AQM effectively.
Insufficient Data: Emission inventories are incomplete, and data quality is poor, hindering evidence-based decision-making.
Weak Enforcement: No clear consequences for non-compliance by government institutions, and residential emissions remain largely unregulated.

7. Recommendations

Strengthen institutional capacity for AQM, particularly in municipalities and cantonal administrations.
Improve data collection and inventory systems, including the re-introduction of chimney sweep services for regular monitoring.
Enhance cross-sectoral and cross-level coordination to ensure AQM is integrated into energy, transport, and urban planning policies.
Implement binding legal requirements for emission reduction targets and quality control of fuels and appliances.
Establish accountability mechanisms for the preparation and implementation of air quality plans.
Promote public participation and communication in AQM processes to increase transparency and citizen engagement.
Support the development and adoption of comprehensive Cantonal Environmental Action Plans (CEAPs) with clear, evidence-based strategies.

Conclusion

The functional review highlights the need for a more coordinated, comprehensive, and accountable approach to AQM in Canton Sarajevo and BiH. While progress is being made, particularly with the new FBiH Environmental Strategy and the Strategy to Limit the Use of Coal and Other Solid Fuels, the lack of data, institutional capacity, and enforcement mechanisms remains a major barrier to effective air quality management. Strengthening these areas is essential to align with EU standards and achieve sustainable improvements in air quality.

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