2025-01-12-世界银行-波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那萨拉热窝州空气质量管理职能审查（英）_122页_2mb

Summary of Functional Review of Air Quality Management in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Core Content

This report presents a functional review of air quality management (AQM) in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), focusing on the six key functions of AQM and the institutional and policy framework that supports them. The review highlights the challenges and opportunities in improving air quality through better governance, implementation, and monitoring.

Main Findings

1. Setting Standards and Objectives

• Overview: The entities and Brcko District (BD) have adopted EU-defined air quality standards with minor deviations.
• Key Issues:
  • The FBiH Environmental Strategy outlines strategic goals but lacks detailed guidance for cantons to translate these into actionable plans.
  • Only a few cantons have developed Cantonal Environmental Action Plans (CEAP), and even those lack clear emission reduction targets and quality assurance mechanisms.
  • The CEAP for Canton Sarajevo (2016-2021) was strong, but the 2021-2025 update is missing critical analytical elements.

2. Determining Required Emission Reductions

• Overview: The FBiH Environmental Strategy 2022-2032 lacks comprehensive coverage of emission sources and is based on estimated or missing data.
• Key Issues:
  • None of the ten cantons in FBiH has attempted to estimate the emission reductions needed to meet air quality targets.
  • Canton Sarajevo is working on an electronic, geo-referenced emission inventory but lacks a regular updating mechanism.
  • Source apportionment analysis is missing, which hinders the identification of key pollution sources.

3. Developing Control Strategies

• Overview: The FBiH Environmental Strategy includes measures targeting residential sources, such as fuel quality regulation and stove replacement incentives.
• Key Issues:
  • The Strategy calls for banning coal with more than 1% sulfur content and regulating fuelwood and pellets.
  • Canton Sarajevo has developed a detailed Strategy to Limit the Use of Coal and Other Solid Fuels (2023-2033), including plans to reintroduce chimney sweeps for inspections.
  • However, the CEAP lacks specific emission reduction estimates and strategic guidance for implementation.

4. Implementing Control Strategies

• Overview: The implementation of the CEAP 2021-2025 is generally on track, with most measures either completed or in progress.
• Key Issues:
  • Limited capacity in the cantonal administration hinders the effective implementation of complex measures like subsidy programs and fuel regulation.
  • The cantonal government has not assessed the capacities of relevant institutions or their ability to manage AQM holistically.
  • There is a need for enhanced technical and human resources to support implementation.

5. Monitoring Implementation and Enforcing Compliance

• Overview: The current regulatory framework lacks enforcement mechanisms for AQM measures.
• Key Issues:
  • Fines are only applicable to business entities, not government institutions.
  • Federal and cantonal inspections are limited to legal entities and do not cover residential sources.
  • There is no legal basis for residential inspection and reporting, and enforcement capacity is minimal.

6. Air Quality Monitoring and Progress Evaluation

• Overview: Air quality monitoring responsibilities are defined, but the current measurement network and capacity are insufficient.
• Key Issues:
  • Only some pollutants are regularly monitored, while others (e.g., benzene, lead, mercury) are not monitored at all due to lack of capacity and funding.
  • Data is not routinely used to evaluate the effectiveness of AQM strategies or to inform policy decisions.
  • A more systematic and integrated approach is needed to ensure comprehensive air quality improvement.

Key Recommendations

• Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks: Develop binding legal requirements and technical guidance for emission reduction planning and implementation.
• Enhance Institutional Capacity: Build the capacity of cantonal administrations and local institutions to design and execute AQM strategies.
• Integrate AQM into Key Policies: Ensure that AQM is consistently integrated into energy, transport, urban development, and agriculture policies.
• Improve Data Collection and Analysis: Establish a regular and comprehensive emission inventory system, including source apportionment analysis.
• Reintroduce Chimney Sweep Services: Legalize and institutionalize chimney sweep services to monitor and enforce compliance with residential emission standards.
• Promote Public Participation and Communication: Develop mechanisms for public engagement and transparency in AQM processes.
• Support Citizen-Oriented Services: Enhance local-level advisory services and public health responses to air pollution.

Conclusion

Air pollution in Canton Sarajevo is a pressing issue, driven primarily by residential sources such as the burning of solid fuels. The existing AQM framework is fragmented and lacks the necessary coordination, capacity, and enforcement mechanisms to address this challenge effectively. While there are promising initiatives in place, such as the Strategy to Limit the Use of Coal and Other Solid Fuels and the reintroduction of chimney sweeps, these require stronger institutional support, legal backing, and public engagement to ensure success. A functional review approach has been used to assess the current status of AQM functions, identifying key areas for improvement to achieve better air quality and public health outcomes.