2003-12-31-世界卫生组织-2004_STEPS_Fact_sheet_Tonga_2页_67kb

报告摘要

Tonga STEPS Survey Summary (2004)

Core Content

The STEPS (Surveillance of Trends and Environmental Patterns) survey in Tonga was conducted from August to October 2004 to assess chronic disease risk factors among adults aged 15–64 years. The survey was structured into three steps, each focusing on different aspects of health risk factors:

Step 1: Collection of socio-demographic and behavioural data, including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity.
Step 2: Physical measurements such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood pressure.
Step 3: Biochemical measurements including fasting blood glucose and total blood cholesterol.

A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to ensure the data represented the adult population of Tonga. A total of 958 adults participated in the survey.

Key Findings

Step 1: Tobacco Use

31.0% of adults (95% CI: 26.9–35.1) currently smoke tobacco.
- Males: 46.2% (95% CI: 39.4–52.9)
- Females: 16.3% (95% CI: 11.1–21.5)
27.6% of adults (95% CI: 23.0–32.2) smoke tobacco daily.
- Males: 41.9% (95% CI: 33.6–50.3)
- Females: 13.8% (95% CI: 10.4–17.2)
Average age of starting to smoke was 18.2 years (95% CI: 17.4–19.0).
84.0% of daily smokers use manufactured cigarettes.
- Males: 83.7% (95% CI: 77.1–90.4)
- Females: 84.7% (95% CI: 74.2–95.2)
Males smoked an average of 13.1 manufactured cigarettes per day, while females smoked 10.3.

Step 1: Alcohol Consumption

81.0% of adults (95% CI: 74.1–87.9) are lifetime abstainers.
- Males: 68.9% (95% CI: 55.9–82.0)
- Females: 92.7% (95% CI: 90.2–95.2)
13.4% of adults (95% CI: 7.7–19.0) are current drinkers.
- Males: 22.2% (95% CI: 10.8–33.5)
- Females: 4.8% (95% CI: 2.5–7.1)

Note: Data on frequency of alcohol consumption and binge drinking was not fully reported due to low response rates.

Step 1: Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

On average, adults consumed 2.6 days of fruit and 4.2 days of vegetables per week.
- Fruit servings per day: 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1–1.4)
- Vegetable servings per day: 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9–1.4)
92.8% of adults (95% CI: 90.4–95.1) consumed less than 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables per day.
- Males: 92.3% (95% CI: 88.9–95.7)
- Females: 93.2% (95% CI: 90.9–95.6)

Step 1: Physical Activity

43.9% of adults (95% CI: 36.5–51.3) had low levels of physical activity (<600 MET-minutes/week).
- Males: 32.4% (95% CI: 22.7–42.2)
- Females: 54.8% (95% CI: 44.5–65.1)
34.9% of adults (95% CI: 28.4–41.5) had high levels of physical activity (≥3000 MET-minutes/week).
- Males: 49.0% (95% CI: 41.6–56.4)
- Females: 21.7% (95% CI: 13.8–29.5)
75.0% of adults (95% CI: 69.5–80.4) did not engage in vigorous physical activity.
- Males: 57.1% (95% CI: 50.7–63.5)
- Females: 91.8% (95% CI: 86.9–96.7)

Step 2: Physical Measurements

Mean BMI: 31.7 kg/m² (95% CI: 30.7–32.7).
- Males: 29.9 kg/m² (95% CI: 28.6–31.1)
- Females: 33.4 kg/m² (95% CI: 32.6–34.2)
84.1% of adults (95% CI: 78.2–90.0) were overweight (BMI ≥25).
- Males: 79.9% (95% CI: 71.6–88.2)
- Females: 88.3% (95% CI: 82.5–94.1)
57.0% of adults (95% CI: 50.5–63.6) were obese (BMI ≥30).
- Males: 46.5% (95% CI: 38.4–54.7)
- Females: 67.3% (95% CI: 62.1–72.4)
Average waist circumference was reported for males only (97.4 cm, 95% CI: 93.8–101.1).
Mean systolic blood pressure: 123.6 mmHg (95% CI: 122.2–125.1).
- Males: 127.2 mmHg (95% CI: 125.1–129.4)
- Females: 120.1 mmHg (95% CI: 118.7–121.5)
Mean diastolic blood pressure: 73.0 mmHg (95% CI: 71.9–74.2).
18.1% of adults (95% CI: 14.5–21.7) had raised blood pressure (SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 mmHg, or on medication).
- Males: 21.5% (95% CI: 15.2–27.9)
- Females: 14.7% (95% CI: 12.3–17.2)
4.9% of adults (95% CI: 2.9–6.9) had severely raised blood pressure (SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥100 mmHg, or on medication).
- Males: 5.4% (95% CI: 2.8–8.1)
- Females: 4.4% (95% CI: 2.7–6.2)

Step 3: Biochemical Measurements

Mean fasting blood glucose: 5.4 mmol/L (95% CI: 5.3–5.6).
- Males: 5.5 mmol/L (95% CI: 5.3–5.8)
- Females: 5.3 mmol/L (95% CI: 5.2–5.5)
13.0% of adults (95% CI: 9.2–16.8) had impaired fasting glycaemia.
- Males: 14.6% (95% CI: 10.0–19.3)
- Females: 11.2% (95% CI: 6.4–15.9)
13.5% of adults (95% CI: 9.4–17.6) had raised fasting blood glucose.
- Males: 15.0% (95% CI: 9.1–20.9)
- Females: 11.9% (95% CI: 8.6–15.3)
Mean total blood cholesterol: 4.7 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.6–4.9).
- Males: 5.0 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.8–5.2)
- Females: 4.5 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.5–4.6)
36.9% of adults (95% CI: 31.5–42.2) had raised total cholesterol (≥5.0 mmol/L or ≥190 mg/dl).
- Males: 47.9% (95% CI: 40.9–55.0)
- Females: 26.1% (95% CI: 20.1–32.2)
9.6% of adults (95% CI: 7.7–11.5) had severely raised total cholesterol (≥6.2 mmol/L or ≥240 mg/dl).
- Males: 13.7% (95% CI: 10.1–17.3)
- Females: 5.6% (95% CI: 3.7–7.5)

Summary of Combined Risk Factors

0.1% of adults (95% CI: 0.0–0.2) had all four risk factors (current daily smoking, overweight, low fruit/vegetable intake, raised BP).
53.2% of adults (95% CI: 44.7–61.6) had none of the risk factors.
65.4% of adults aged 15–44 years had at least three of the risk factors.
56.0% of adults aged 45–64 years had at least three of the risk factors.