2024-03-24-彼得森经济研究所-为清洁能源创新体系提供动力（英）_28页_653kb

Working Paper Summary

Powering the Clean Energy Innovation System

By Reinhilde Veugelers, March 2024

Key Findings:

1. Role of Innovation:

   • Clean energy innovation is critical for decarbonization, competitiveness, and supply resilience.
   • Innovation systems are not at full potential, with room for improvement in policy coordination and implementation.

2. Current Challenges:

   • Patent Trends: Global patent filings for low-carbon technologies are declining, particularly in renewables and hydrogen, despite market growth.
   • Policy Gaps: Weak mix of policy instruments (lack of carbon prices, oversimplified deployment targets), unbalanced support between R&D and deployment, and poor coordination limit innovation.

3. Recent Policy Developments:

   • US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and EU Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA) emphasize strategic autonomy but risk inefficiencies:
     • Over-reliance on deployment vs. R&D support and insufficient coordination undermine long-term innovation.
     • Local content requirements increase risk without addressing global market failures.

Policy Recommendations:

• Adopt a mixed policy approach combining market-based instruments (carbon pricing) and results-oriented support for early-stage R&D.
• Avoid a purely top-down selection of technologies, balancing vertical and horizontal instruments to foster competition while targeting strategic areas.
• Enhance operational governance through cross-country coordination (e.g., US-EU partnerships) to leverage and avoid duplication.
• Promote global collaboration on R&D to mitigate fragmentation and shared risks.

Conclusion:

The clean energy innovation system requires smart, coordinated, and directed public policies. The US and EU must improve policy coherence, governance structures, and investments in early-stage research to ensure climate goals are met efficiently and equitably.