2024-09-17-世界经济论坛-高排放行业_低碳供应商面临的挑战和机遇（英）_66页_4mb

报告摘要

High-Emitting Sectors: Challenges and Opportunities for Low-Carbon Suppliers

Executive Summary
This report examines the decarbonization pathways, challenges, and opportunities for suppliers in high-emitting sectors from a supplier perspective. Key obstacles include emissions measurement inconsistencies, input availability and costs, and buyer risk aversion. Sector-specific opportunities involve leveraging government incentives, joining consortia, and innovative business models.

High-Emitting Sectors Overview

The seven sectors analyzed—Aviation, Shipping, Trucking, Aluminum, Cement & Concrete, Steel, and Carbon Dioxide Removal—represent ~25% of global GHG emissions as of 2024 (WEF, 2024).

FMC Commitments: Suppliers pledge to purchase low-carbon goods by 2030–2040, depending on sector.
Shared Cross-Sector Challenges: Lack of standardized emissions measurement, input scarcity, and buyer hesitancy to adopt decarbonized solutions.

Sector-Specific Challenges & Opportunities

Aviation

Challenge: High SAF costs (2-5x conventional fuel) and uncertain demand.
Opportunity: Long-term contracts, green incentives, and partnerships like the Jet Zero Council to stabilize demand.

Shipping

Challenge: Unsustainably high green premiums (biofuels: 1.5-4x; synthetic: 2-6x) and regulatory gaps.
Opportunity: Carbon taxes, “book and claim” schemes, and investment in low-emission fuel infrastructure.

Trucking

Challenge: High upfront costs for BEVs/FCEVs and grid limitations.
Opportunity: Innovative business models (TaaS, BaaS), subsidies, and hydrogen refueling infrastructure development.

Aluminum

Challenge: Access to low-carbon energy (electricity/hydrogen) and inconsistent recycling standards.
Opportunity: Emission-free smelting technologies (inert anodes) and CCUS partnerships.

Cement & Concrete

Challenge: High decarbonization costs; competition for inputs like SCMs.
Opportunity: Non-fossil SCMs, efficiency savings, and policy support.

Steel

Challenge: Asset lifespan (FFCs last 15-20 years) limits technological upgrades.
Opportunity: Grants (e.g., US DOE) and government mechanisms like CBAM to offset costs.

Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)

Challenge: High costs; lack of standardized MRV; low policy support.
Opportunity: Long-term contracts and ecosystem collaboration to drive costs down.

Cross-Sector Actions

Lack of Emissions Standards: Advocate for global LCA frameworks (e.g., CORSIA in aviation).
Input Availability: Collaborate for shared resource hubs (e.g., hydrogen production).
Buyer Risk: Innovative contracts (CfDs, take-or-pay) and education on green premiums.

Conclusion

Innovative suppliers and stakeholders can accelerate decarbonization through collaboration, scalability, and policy engagement. Early adopters can secure financing and market leadership through long-term partnerships and demand signals.

Key Recommendations: