UNDP-评估新冠病毒的社会经济风险：如何考虑性别差异（英文）-2020.7-18页_407kb

UNDP COVID-19 Response: Guide to Integrating Gender into Socio-Economic Assessments

Core Content

This document provides a comprehensive guide for integrating gender considerations into socio-economic impact assessments and responses related to the COVID-19 crisis. It is designed for UNDP Country Offices, UN sister agencies, governments, and other partners to ensure that gender equality is at the center of both emergency and post-emergency strategies. The guide emphasizes the need to recognize the differentiated impacts of the pandemic on women and men, girls and boys, and to address the underlying gender gaps that may be exacerbated by the crisis.

Main Viewpoints

• Gender-differentiated impacts: Women and girls face disproportionate economic, health, and social risks due to the pandemic. These impacts must be acknowledged to ensure an effective and equitable response.
• Inclusive methodologies: Impact assessments should use both quantitative and qualitative methods, with data disaggregated by sex, age, race, indigenous status, disability, and other relevant categories.
• Gender-responsive budgeting: Financial resource allocations to the response must consider gender equality and the specific needs of women.
• Addressing unpaid care work: The increased burden of unpaid care work on women must be analyzed and addressed in policy and program design.
• Intra-household dynamics: Changes in power, decision-making, and resource control within households must be considered, especially in the context of social distancing measures.
• Targeting vulnerable groups: Special attention must be given to marginalized groups such as indigenous people, rural populations, domestic workers, sex workers, and people with disabilities.

Key Information

Impact Assessment Teams

• The team must be gender-balanced and include a gender and socio-economic impact assessment expert.
• The team leader should be familiar with gender equality in impact assessment.

Scope of Assessments

• Assess both direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic on livelihoods, autonomy, and decision-making.
• Consider national and sub-national government strategies and their effectiveness in addressing gender gaps.
• Focus on opportunities to scale up women's empowerment and close gender gaps in policies and actions.

Methodologies

• Use quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
• Disaggregate data by sex, age, race, and other relevant categories.
• Use geo-referencing where possible.
• Consider intra-household dynamics and gender-based violence (GBV) risks.
• Engage with gender equality mechanisms and civil society organizations, especially women's groups.
• Apply gender-responsive budgeting to evaluate financial resource allocations.
• Ensure compliance with health policy responses, such as social distancing.

Key Questions to Address

Economic Assessment

• Employment, Labour and Income:

  • Identify sectors and types of work where women and men are employed.
  • Assess the impact of the pandemic on the labor market, including changes in employment, income, and access to social protection.
  • Evaluate the effect of social distancing on unpaid caregiving and the ability to generate income.
  • Consider the impact of the crisis on the care sector and workers, including safety risks and access to support.
  • Analyze the role of gender norms and stereotypes in access to employment and resources.
  • Evaluate the impact of the crisis on the safety of high-risk workers and the effectiveness of government and private sector support.

• Enterprises and Value Chains:

  • Analyze the distribution and impact of MSMEs and women-owned businesses across sectors.
  • Assess the effect of the crisis on turnover, revenue, and survival of businesses.
  • Evaluate changes in operations, supply chains, and commercial strategies.
  • Consider the impact of the crisis on access to finance, credit, and digital technologies.
  • Examine the effectiveness of government support programs in addressing the specific challenges of women entrepreneurs.

Social Assessment

• Direct Social Impacts:

  • Assess the distribution of health outcomes among women and men, including GBV.
  • Evaluate the impact of the crisis on household income, consumption, and access to essential services.
  • Consider changes in household composition and their effects on welfare.
  • Analyze the impact of school closures on education and nutrition.

• Intra-Household Dynamics:

  • Examine changes in power dynamics, decision-making, and resource control.
  • Assess the impact of stay-at-home measures on meeting basic needs.
  • Investigate the distribution of consumption and the effects on different household members.
  • Evaluate the role of GBV and the effectiveness of referral systems and support mechanisms.

Targeting the Most Vulnerable Groups

• Indigenous and Rural Populations: Assess the impact of the crisis on traditional livelihoods and access to health services.
• LGBTI Persons: Evaluate barriers to health care and social support due to discrimination.
• Domestic Workers: Consider changes in demand, freedom of movement, and safety.
• Refugees and IDPs: Analyze the impact of precarious living conditions and overcrowding on vulnerability.
• Persons with Disabilities: Assess access to health and social services and the impact of social isolation.
• Sex Workers: Evaluate the effect of the crisis on access to health care and exposure to exploitation.
• Persons Living with HIV: Consider disruptions in access to health care and anti-retrovirals.
• Prison Populations and Deprived of Liberty: Assess the risk of infection and the effectiveness of safety measures.

Annexes

Annex 1: Key Questions for MSMEs

• Disaggregate responses by gender of the business owner/manager.
• Assess administrative, financial, operational, and employment impacts.
• Evaluate changes in work arrangements and support for employees.
• Consider the impact of the crisis on business productivity and emotional well-being.
• Analyze the business's preparedness and future intentions.

Annex 2: Key Questions for Value Chains

• Disaggregate responses by gender to measure economic impact differences.
• Evaluate the impact of the crisis on supply, production, and distribution.
• Consider changes in consumer behavior and international price fluctuations.
• Analyze employment changes and financial constraints faced by vulnerable segments.
• Examine the ability of these segments to exit the value chain.

Annex 3: Social Protection Floor and Gender Equality

• Disaggregate data by gender to assess economic independence, education, and employment opportunities.
• Include indicators such as income distribution, unpaid work hours, and employment sectors.
• Use these indicators to analyze the effectiveness of social protection programs in reducing poverty and addressing gender gaps.

Conclusion

The guide underscores the importance of gender-sensitive approaches in assessing and responding to the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic. It provides a structured checklist and key questions to ensure that all responses are inclusive, equitable, and effective in addressing the unique challenges faced by women and girls.