IRENA：2022年可再生能源及就业回顾报告_82页_12mb

Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2022 Summary

Core Content

This report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) provides an in-depth analysis of the global renewable energy employment landscape in 2021 and outlines future projections and policy considerations for a just and sustainable energy transition.

Key Facts

• Global Renewable Energy Employment (2021): 12.7 million people, up from 12 million in 2020.
• Solar PV Employment (2021): 4.3 million jobs, representing over a third of the total renewable energy workforce.
• Wind Power Employment (2021): 1.3 million jobs.
• Hydropower Direct Jobs (2021): 2.4 million jobs, with two-thirds in manufacturing.
• Biofuels Employment (2021): 2.4 million jobs, mostly in feedstock operations.
• Projected Employment by 2030: 38.2 million jobs under an ambitious energy transition scenario.

Main Points

• Asia Dominates Employment: Close to two-thirds of all renewable energy jobs are in Asia, with China accounting for 42% of the global total.
• China's Leadership: China is the largest producer of PV equipment and the leading installation market, contributing about 63% of global solar PV employment.
• Decent Work and Social Protection: Ensuring decent wages, job security, and occupational health and safety is crucial for a just energy transition.
• Gender Equity: Women account for one-third of all renewable energy jobs, with solar PV showing better gender balance than the overall energy sector.
• Just Transition Policies: These policies are essential to support workers and communities affected by the shift from fossil fuels to renewables, ensuring that vulnerable groups are not excluded from the energy market.
• Circular Economy: Recycling and reuse of renewable energy materials at the end of their life can create more jobs than landfilling or incineration.

Key Observations

Manufacturing Hubs

• A few countries dominate the renewable energy manufacturing landscape, but some component production is shifting to other regions.
• Government industrial policies are critical in shaping viable supply chains and fostering domestic job creation.

Domestic Job Creation

• The size of the domestic market significantly affects employment in construction, installation, and operations and maintenance (O&M).
• Strong domestic demand is essential for building a robust equipment manufacturing base.

Decent Jobs

• Job quality, including wages and workplace conditions, is a key component of a just transition.
• Workers' rights and social dialogue are vital for ensuring fair labor practices.

Commodities

• Labor and environmental standards are essential in the supply chain, particularly for mining and processing raw materials.
• Industry practices involving workers and local communities are under increased scrutiny.

Circular Economy

• End-of-life management of solar panels and wind turbines is important for sustainability and job creation.
• Recycling and remanufacturing offer more employment opportunities than traditional disposal methods.

Policy Framework

• A comprehensive policy approach is needed to support the expansion of decent renewable energy jobs, including industrial, education, and labor market policies, as well as regional revitalization and social protection measures.

Structure of the Report

Chapter 1: Renewable Energy Employment by Technology

• Discusses employment trends in solar PV, wind, hydropower, and liquid biofuels.
• Highlights that solar PV is the most dynamic sector with the highest number of jobs.
• Notes the concentration of manufacturing in China and the export-driven nature of the global solar PV market.

Chapter 2: Renewable Energy Employment in Selected Countries

• Analyzes employment dynamics in leading countries like China, the US, India, and Brazil.
• Shows how the pandemic and supply chain disruptions have impacted job creation in different regions.

Chapter 3: Upstream and Downstream Aspects

• Examines the supply chain landscape, including logging and mining for renewable energy materials.
• Discusses the importance of a circular economy approach to manage end-of-life equipment and materials.

Chapter 4: Decent Jobs and Social Protection for a Just Transition

• Focuses on the need for social protection and fair labor practices during the energy transition.
• Highlights the importance of policies to ensure that job creation is inclusive and equitable.

Chapter 5: Take-Aways and the Way Forward

• Emphasizes the need for an all-encompassing policy framework to support the energy transition.
• Outlines future job estimates and the socioeconomic impacts of transitioning to renewable energy.

Additional Highlights

• Solar PV Manufacturing: Highly concentrated in China, with significant automation and reliance on skilled labor.
• Wind Power: Job growth is driven by offshore installations and strong domestic supply chains in some countries.
• Hydropower: Dominated by direct jobs in manufacturing and construction.
• Biofuels: Employment is mainly in feedstock operations, with biodiesel output and employment rising, while ethanol is declining.
• Trade and Localization: The global supply chain is lopsided, with China and Southeast Asia leading in manufacturing, while other countries like the US and EU are net importers.
• Gender Balance: Solar PV has a better gender balance than the overall energy sector, but more progress is needed to achieve equity.

Conclusion

The renewable energy sector continues to grow in employment and is a key driver of sustainable development and economic opportunity. A just transition requires not only job creation but also attention to job quality, social protection, and the inclusion of diverse groups. The report underscores the importance of a policy framework that supports the transition and ensures that the benefits of renewable energy are accessible to all.