碳捕捉与储存20年_加速未来部署（英文版）_113页_7mb

报告摘要

20 Years of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Summary

Core Content

This document provides an overview of the 20-year development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, emphasizing its critical role in achieving global climate goals, particularly under the Paris Agreement. It outlines the progress made, challenges faced, and the need for accelerated deployment to meet the "well below 2°C" target.

Main Objectives of the IEA

Promote energy security by ensuring reliable and ample energy supplies.
Support sustainable energy policies that foster economic growth and environmental protection.
Improve market transparency through energy data collection and analysis.
Foster global collaboration on energy technology, including low-carbon solutions.
Engage with stakeholders to address global energy challenges.

Key Member Countries of the IEA

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey.

Document Structure

1. Two Decades of Progress

CCS remains essential for reducing emissions from fossil fuels in power and industry.
IPCC Special Report (2005) marked a turning point in recognizing CCS as a key mitigation tool.
Global CCS project portfolio has expanded, including:
- 1970s-1980s: First large-scale CO₂ capture projects.
- Sleipner (Norway): First dedicated CO₂ storage project, injecting CO₂ into saline formations.
- U.S. EOR revival: CO₂-EOR projects spurred industrial CCS development.
- 21 large-scale CCS projects are currently in operation or under construction.
Pilot projects contribute significantly to CCS development.
Investment in large-scale CCS has been limited, with only ~2.8 billion USD invested between 2007 and 2014.

2. Towards Well Below 2°C: An Increased Role for CCS

CCS is a key contributor to global emissions reductions, particularly in the power and industry sectors.
2DS (2°C Scenario): CCS delivers 94 Gt of CO₂ emissions reductions by 2050, accounting for 12% of the energy sector's cumulative task.
Power sector: 56% of total CO₂ captured, primarily from coal-fired power (80%).
Industry sector: 31% of CO₂ captured, with limited alternatives for deep emissions cuts.
BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage): Plays a critical role in achieving negative emissions, with the potential to deliver up to 10 GtCO₂ per year.
EOR+: Enhanced oil recovery with CO₂ storage offers a win-win-win scenario by reducing emissions and enhancing oil recovery.

3. The Next 20 Years: Picking Up the Pace

Retrofitting CCS on coal plants is essential to address current emissions while limiting economic and social costs.
China presents a major opportunity for CCS retrofitting, with 900 GW of coal capacity potentially suitable.
Disaggregating CCS into separate components (capture, transport, storage) and using "hubs and clusters" can simplify deployment.
State-owned enterprises play a special role in CCS development, with both opportunities and challenges.
Negative emissions are becoming increasingly important in the second half of the century for achieving net-zero.

Key Viewpoints and Findings

CCS is not just a "clean coal" technology but is applicable across a wide range of industrial and power processes.
CCS is a mature technology with no insurmountable barriers to safe deployment, but policy and financial support remain insufficient.
Climate-related leakage risk is a concern that must be managed carefully, distinguishing between local and global impacts.
CCS is central to a 2°C pathway, providing a cost-effective solution for decarbonizing the power sector and enabling deep cuts in industrial emissions.
Without CCS, the transformation of the power sector would be significantly more expensive and less feasible.
BECCS is the most mature negative emission technology and could play a pivotal role in achieving the "well below 2°C" target.
EOR+ offers a way to integrate CO₂ storage with enhanced oil recovery, providing economic incentives for CCS.

Critical Challenges

Fluctuating policy and financial support have hindered the momentum of CCS deployment.
Uncertainty in long-term liability management remains a barrier to investment.
Technical, economic, and social challenges need to be addressed for widespread BECCS and EOR+ deployment.
Lack of a robust market for clean industrial products limits the economic viability of CCS in industry.

Key Lessons from 20 Years of CCS Experience

Significant progress has been made despite limited initial support.
Long-term policy stability is crucial for sustained CCS development.
Early opportunities for CCS deployment exist and must be cultivated.
CO₂ storage must precede capture (No CCS without the "S").
CCS is not limited to "clean coal" but is applicable to various sectors.
More projects are needed to meet global climate goals.
Community engagement is essential for the acceptance and success of CCS initiatives.

Conclusion

CCS has evolved from a promising technology to a critical component of global climate action. While it has demonstrated its potential in reducing emissions and enabling negative emissions, the pace of deployment is still insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's ambitious targets. The next 20 years require targeted financial support, expansion of CO₂ storage resources, and greater policy commitment to ensure CCS can play its full role in achieving a sustainable, low-carbon future.