东盟能源数据-东盟CCS部署框架和路线图（英）-2024-133页_3mb

ASEAN CCS Deployment Framework and Roadmap

Overview

This report outlines the challenges and opportunities for deploying Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies in ASEAN. Given ASEAN's heavy reliance on fossil fuels, CCS is viewed as a critical tool for decarbonization to support regional carbon neutrality goals by 2050. The analysis highlights key factors, including policy frameworks, legal aspects, storage potential, economic viability, and a phased roadmap for deployment.

ASEAN's Energy Context

ASEAN's population is projected to grow significantly by 2050, fueling energy demand. Fossil fuels dominate the energy mix, with oil accounting for about 42% of energy use. Power generation is heavily dependent on coal, contributing to high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Renewable energy and energy efficiency efforts are underway, but fossil fuels remain pivotal due to affordability and existing infrastructure.

Role of CCS

CCS is seen as essential for reducing emissions from high-carbon industries and supporting energy security. It is integrated into ASEAN's climate strategy, including the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC). ASEAN has committed to CCS in national policies, aiming to reduce emissions and foster low-carbon development.

Policy Landscape

ASEAN countries have varying CCS policies. Indonesia and Malaysia are leaders, with regulations and financial incentives. Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam are in early stages. Key recommendations include implementing carbon pricing, providing grants and tax credits, and setting specific deployment targets. Policies need to address cost reduction, strategic signaling, and revenue support to enhance economic viability.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

Few countries have comprehensive CCS regulations. Indonesia's MEMR Regulation No. 2/2023 and Malaysia's Land Code set precedents. Challenges include gaps in storage liability, lack of international standards (e.g., London Protocol), and no cross-border coordination. Recommendations include clarifying CO2 ownership, ensuring MRV systems, and harmonizing regional frameworks.

Storage Potential

Storage capacity is assessed in saline aquifers, depleted oil/gas reservoirs, and coal beds. Most countries are in the early phases, with Indonesia and Malaysia leading. Challenges involve data access, technical risks, and economic constraints. Recommendations include establishing a regional database and detailed site assessments.

Key Challenges

Economic viability is the primary hurdle, driven by high upfront costs and low carbon pricing. Long lead times, project complexity, and innovation gaps (e.g., immature technologies) impede deployment. Societal and environmental risks, such as leakage and public opposition, also need addressing.

Deployment Roadmap

A phased approach from 2025 to 2050:Short term focuses on policy reforms and pilots. Medium term accelerates domestic projects. Long term emphasizes regional hubs and international cooperation. Actions include financial incentives, regulatory streamlining, and stakeholder coordination.

Way Forward

ASEAN needs cohesive policy integration, international collaboration, and robust legal frameworks to unlock CCS potential due to its high climate sensitivity and advancing energy goals.

References

Notable sources include the Global CCS Institute and the ASEAN Centre for Energy. Detailed sources provided in the appendix are essential for deeper exploration of policies, technologies, and regional cooperation.