印度尼西亚的碳捕获_利用和封存_17页_6mb

Indonesia's Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) Policy Brief Summary

Introduction: Indonesia's remarkable economic growth over the past half-century has driven significant increases in energy sector emissions, with a net zero emissions target by 2060. CCUS is identified as a key technology to support decarbonization, enhance energy security, and create employment opportunities.

Key Facts and Regulatory Developments:

• Indonesia's energy sector emissions were around 600 Mt of CO₂ in 2021, with coal, oil, and natural gas being major contributors. CCUS can play diverse roles in decarbonizing young power and industrial assets.
• The 2023 Ministerial Regulation MEMR 2/2023 established the first CCUS framework in Southeast Asia, focusing on upstream oil and gas companies for activities like CO₂ storage. It includes provisions for carbon credits and monitoring.
• MEMR 2/2023 is a strong first step but limited to oil and gas; subsequent regulations are needed to expand CCUS to other sectors like industry, electricity, and cement.
• Opportunities exist for cross-border CCUS projects in ASEAN, allowing countries with limited storage to send CO₂ to others, potentially facilitating regional hubs.

Opportunities for CCUS Deployment:

• In oil and gas, Indonesia has over 15 CCUS projects in development, including CO₂ capture at natural gas plants and storage for enhanced recovery. Other sectors like cement, steel, ammonia, and power generation also show potential for CCUS to reduce emissions cost-effectively.
• For example, cement production is the largest industrial emitter, and CCUS could significantly decarbonize this sector. CCUS is also vital for transitioning coal-fired power plants to low-emission options.

Emissions Growth and Projection:

• Indonesia's energy supply increased more than 1.5 times between 2000 and 2021, with power generation (coal-dominated) and industry (coal-heavy) driving emissions growth. Under the IEA Announced Pledges Scenario, CCUS deployment needs to reach over 6 Mt annual capture by 2030 and 190 Mt by 2060.

Key Regulatory Considerations:

• MEMR 2/2023 covers environmental permitting, monitoring, and carbon credit monetization but lacks clarity on cross-border transport and storage resource ownership.
• Challenges include defining regulatory roles for non-oil and gas companies, addressing long-term liability, and ensuring compliance with international protocols like the London Protocol.
• Further regulations should address CO₂ storage outside oil and gas areas, participation of third-party emitters, and integration with regional carbon markets.

Regional and Cross-Border Cooperation:

• Indonesia's large CO₂ storage potential could support ASEAN decarbonization efforts through cross-border projects and regional platforms like the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation.
• Workshops and initiatives highlight the need for harmonized carbon accounting standards and phased project development to test injectivity and build infrastructure.

Conclusion: Indonesia is advancing CCUS through regulatory steps, but broader frameworks are essential for full decarbonization. Regional collaboration can bolster CCUS deployment, with potential economic and environmental benefits.

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2023.