【东盟能源数据】东盟CCS部署框架和路线图-2024

ASEAN CCS Deployment Framework and Roadmap Summary

Core Content

The ASEAN CCS Deployment Framework and Roadmap is a strategic document aimed at accelerating the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies across the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was developed by the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) as part of the annual priorities of the ASEAN Chairmanships from 2022 to 2024, with support from the Global CCS Institute (GCCSI) through the Southeast Asia CCS Accelerator (SEACA) Programme.

Key Objectives

The report focuses on assessing the current status of three key pillars of CCS deployment in ASEAN:

1. Policy
2. Legal and Regulatory Framework
3. Storage

It then proposes a CCS Deployment Roadmap and five key recommendations to enhance the economic viability, reduce lead times, manage project complexity, narrow innovation gaps, and facilitate CCS hubs and international transboundary CO₂ movement.

Main Views

1. Energy Demand and Supply in ASEAN

• ASEAN's population is projected to grow from 668 million in 2020 to 787 million by 2050, according to the 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO8).
• Real GDP is expected to increase 3.2 times by mid-century, driving energy demand to triple by 2050.
• Fossil fuels will continue to dominate the energy mix, accounting for 82% in 2022 and 76% by 2050, even with aggressive renewable and energy efficiency policies.
• Oil is the largest component of energy demand, followed by electricity and natural gas.
• Coal remains crucial for electricity generation, especially in developing economies, due to its affordability and abundance.

2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Energy-related GHG emissions in ASEAN were 2,215 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent in 2020, equivalent to 4.3% of global emissions.
• The heavy industries (cement, steel, chemicals) contribute over 17% of CO₂ emissions, making them a key target for CCS implementation.

3. Role of CCS in ASEAN's Energy Landscape

• CCS is seen as a crucial tool for reducing emissions without compromising energy security, especially given the intermittency of renewables and the long economic life of existing coal plants.
• The ASEAN Carbon Neutrality Strategy 2023 and the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) Phase II have embedded CCS into regional energy policy.
• CCS has been a priority for the ASEAN Chairmanship since 2022.

Key Information

1. Policy Pillar

• Indonesia and Malaysia (Sarawak) are leading in implementing specific legal frameworks and policies to support CCS projects.
• Financial measures such as grants, tax incentives, carbon pricing, and procurement-based contracts are being used to reduce costs.
• Strategic signaling varies among ASEAN Member States (AMS), with some integrating CCS into national strategies more comprehensively than others.
• State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are important in reducing investment risks and supporting CCS in energy-intensive sectors.
• Recommendations include enhanced policy coordination, increased financial incentives, and strategic policy integration.

2. Legal and Regulatory Pillar

• Indonesia has established national legal frameworks for CCS, including MEMR Regulation No. 2/2023 and Presidential Regulation No. 14/2024.
• Malaysia (Sarawak) introduced the 2022 Land Code (Carbon Storage) Rules, which regulate land use for CCS.
• Legal frameworks need to be harmonized to ensure safe and secure storage, ownership responsibilities, and environmental reviews.
• Transboundary CO₂ transport is a key focus, especially for establishing an ASEAN CCS hub.
• Recommendations include developing robust legal frameworks, clear regulations for permitting and licensing, and enhancing regional coordination.

3. Storage Pillar

• CO₂ storage potential is assessed in three geological media: saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and coal beds.
• Five countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam) have completed the three phases of storage identification: location, capacity, and suitability.
• Seven countries have reached a realistic/effective capacity assessment level, one step above theoretical.
• Access to storage data is essential for accurate characterization and planning.
• Recommendations include open data access, effective collaboration, and technical assessment of storage sites.

Key Challenges

• Economic viability is the most significant challenge, with high capital costs and limited financial support.
• Long lead times and project complexity hinder rapid deployment.
• Innovation gaps in technology and regulatory uncertainty pose obstacles to scaling CCS.
• Transboundary CO₂ movement and shared infrastructure require international cooperation and legal alignment.

Recommendations

1. Enhancing Economic Viability:

   • Implement carbon pricing.
   • Provide financial incentives such as grants and tax credits.
   • Offer revenue support through regulated asset base models.
   • Engage state-owned utilities in the short and medium terms.

2. Shortening Lead Times and Accelerating Deployment:

   • Foster close coordination among stakeholders.
   • Develop clear regulations for permitting and licensing.
   • Establish timelines and targets for CCS projects.

3. Managing Project Complexity and Derisking:

   • Use a top-down approach to strengthen legislation and regulations.
   • Ensure storage site safety and conduct leakage risk assessments.
   • Harmonize technical codes and safety standards.
   • Implement ongoing monitoring and maintenance.

4. Narrowing Innovation Gaps:

   • Conduct feasibility studies on technological readiness and socio-economic impacts.
   • Establish standards and certifications for CO₂ removal (CDR).
   • Integrate these into the legal and regulatory framework.

5. Facilitating CCS Hubs and Transboundary Movement:

   • Create a CCS database to map source and sink locations.
   • Develop regulations for shared infrastructure and cross-border CO₂ transportation.
   • Ensure compliance with international law.

Conclusion

The ASEAN CCS Deployment Framework and Roadmap outlines a comprehensive strategy to address the challenges of CCS implementation in the region. It emphasizes the need for policy alignment, legal clarity, and storage readiness. The report also highlights the importance of international collaboration, financial support, and technological innovation in ensuring the sustainable and effective deployment of CCS technologies across ASEAN.