2018-全球穿山甲贩运（英文版）-3mb

PANGOLINS: A Comprehensive Summary of Seizures and Trafficking Routes from 2010–2015

Core Content

This report provides a detailed analysis of the illegal pangolin trade from 2010 to 2015, focusing on the global trade routes, seizure statistics, and the implications of these findings for conservation and law enforcement. The study is conducted by TRAFFIC in collaboration with the IUCN and WWF, and supported by USAID through the Wildlife TRAPS project. It highlights the severity and scale of pangolin trafficking, the key countries involved, and the urgent need for improved legislation, enforcement, and demand reduction strategies.

Key Findings

Seizure Summary

• A total of 1270 seizure incidents were recorded across 67 countries/territories.
• The total weight of seized pangolins and their parts was 120 tonnes.
  • 20,749 kg of body parts
  • 7,154 individual body parts
  • 55,251 kg of scales
  • 5,613 individual scales
  • 44,475 kg of whole pangolins
  • 46,760 individual whole pangolins
• 7.6% of incidents lacked quantitative data and were excluded.

International Trafficking Routes

• 159 unique international routes were identified, with an average of 27 new routes emerging annually.
• China and the United States were the most common international destinations.
  • China was the main destination for large-scale shipments of scales and whole animals.
  • US was the main destination for large-scale shipments of body parts.
• Europe acted as a key transit hub, especially for African pangolins.
  • Germany, France, and Belgium were prominent in this role.
  • Netherlands was also a destination for body parts and scales from China and Uganda.
• Asia was the main region for international trafficking, both in terms of number of incidents and quantity.
  • Top ten countries/territories involved in the most trafficking incidents: China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Hong Kong SAR, Thailand, Lao PDR, Indonesia, US, Nigeria, Germany.

Transport Modes

• Scales were predominantly transported by air and were mostly of African origin.
• Whole animals were mostly transported by land and were sourced from Asia.
• Body parts had unreported transport modes, but were primarily sourced from China and Vietnam and destined for the US.

Main Points and Recommendations

Legislation and Enforcement

• All countries involved in the illegal pangolin trade should review and amend national wildlife laws and CITES-implementing legislation to protect all eight pangolin species.
• Law enforcement agencies in priority countries (e.g., Lao PDR, Nigeria, Myanmar) should increase vigilance and intelligence-led investigations.
• Multi-agency collaboration is essential for tackling international and organized criminal networks.
• Prosecutors and judiciaries should be aware of applicable laws and legal consequences of the illegal trade.
• Forensic DNA protocols should be established to identify seized pangolin commodities at the species level.

Monitoring and Reporting

• CITES Management Authorities should improve reporting of seizures to the CITES Secretariat.
• Standardized reporting is needed to support statistical analysis and criminological research.
• Monitoring and reporting should be expanded to countries with limited information.
• Improved data on commodity quantities, roles of countries, and transport modalities is required.
• Collaboration with transport and logistics companies is necessary to enhance law enforcement efforts.

Demand Reduction and Awareness

• Awareness campaigns and targeted behavioral change initiatives should be implemented in consumer countries.
• Law enforcement agencies should be trained to recognize pangolin products and intercept shipments.
• Further research is needed to understand demand in non-Asian countries, such as the US and Netherlands.
• Understanding consumer motivations is critical to designing effective demand reduction strategies.

Key Information

• Pangolins are the most trafficked wild mammals globally, with over one million estimated to have been trafficked between 2000–2013.
• All eight pangolin species are threatened, with four African species listed as Vulnerable and four Asian species as Critically Endangered or Endangered.
• In 2016, all pangolins were moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I, providing the highest protection status under CITES.
• Seizure data is inherently biased due to variations in enforcement and reporting.
• Transnational networks are highly mobile, with new routes emerging annually.

Conclusion

The report underscores the global scale and complexity of the illegal pangolin trade. It calls for international cooperation, enhanced law enforcement, and targeted demand reduction strategies to address this critical conservation issue. The findings also highlight the importance of forensic techniques and standardized reporting in combating the trade effectively.