2011年-世界发展银行全球_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_Ghana___Turning_Finance_into_Services_for_2015_and_Beyond_36页_1mb

Summary of the AMCOW Country Status Overview: Water Supply and Sanitation in Ghana

Core Content

This document presents the second round of the AMCOW Country Status Overviews (CSO2) for Ghana, focusing on the progress and challenges in the water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector. It outlines the current status of coverage, investment requirements, and the reform process that has shaped the sector over the years. The report highlights the need for improved financing, stronger institutional frameworks, and more effective service delivery mechanisms to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Ghana-specific 'MDG+' targets for 2015.

Main Views and Key Information

Sector Overview: Coverage and Finance Trends

• Water Supply:

  • As of 2008, 82% of the population had access to improved water sources, surpassing the MDG target of 77%.
  • Provider-based data shows 57% rural coverage and 58% urban coverage, leading to a national coverage rate of 58%.
  • The MDG+ target for 2015 is 76% for rural and 80% for urban water supply.
  • Annual CAPEX requirement for water supply is estimated at US$237 million, with anticipated public investment at US$119 million, leaving a deficit.

• Sanitation:

  • Only 13% of the population had access to improved sanitation in 2008, up from 7% in 1990.
  • The MDG target for sanitation is 54%, but Ghana is expected to miss this due to high levels of open defecation (20%) and reliance on shared facilities (54%).
  • Annual CAPEX requirement for sanitation is US$406 million, with the current anticipated public investment at US$28 million, indicating a large gap.

• OPEX Requirements:

  • Annual operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for water supply are US$66 million, and for sanitation US$68 million.
  • These costs are typically recovered from users, but in cases where they are not, public funding is needed.

Reform Context and CSO2 Scorecard

• The CSO2 scorecard is a diagnostic tool to assess progress in the WSS sector, focusing on three areas: enabling, developing, and sustaining services.
• It evaluates the sector's capacity to translate financial resources into sustainable services, based on indicators and scoring from 1 to 3.
• The scorecard highlights the need for better alignment between policy, funding, and service delivery.

Institutional Framework

• The Ministry of Water Resources, Works, and Housing (MoWRWH) leads the water supply sector.
• The Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate (EHSD), part of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MoLGRD), leads the sanitation sector.
• The Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) and Ghana Water Company Ltd (GWCL) are the main service delivery agencies.
• The National Water Policy (NWP) and National Environmental Sanitation Policy provide the legal and policy framework for the sector.

Financing and Implementation

• The current funding model is inadequate to meet the sector's needs, particularly for sanitation.
• The government has abolished the 5% community contribution to rural water projects, shifting the burden to public and household sources.
• There is a need for increased and more innovative financing, especially for sanitation, and better alignment between sector targets and funding allocations.
• A Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) is being pursued, requiring a consolidated investment plan and stronger coordination between agencies.

Key Priority Actions

• Sectorwide:

  • Empower District Assemblies through capacity building and funding support.
  • Improve synergy between CWSA and GWCL to avoid overlaps and underlaps.
  • Develop a comprehensive sector investment plan.
  • Enhance linkage between sector targets and funding.
  • Increase domestic allocations and ensure prompt utilization of funds.
  • Define and disaggregate sanitation budget lines.
  • Implement independent value-for-money studies for urban projects.
  • Establish a national monitoring and evaluation system.
  • Conduct a sector-specific survey to improve data quality.

• Rural Water Supply:

  • Close the funding gap for rural water supply.
  • Revisit the implications of removing community contributions to capital costs.
  • Identify innovative solutions for challenging hydro-geological areas.

• Urban Water Supply:

  • Develop a clear roadmap for post-contract management.
  • Align tariffs with full cost recovery.
  • Involve existing and potential users in decision-making.
  • Strengthen institutional capacity for service delivery.

• Rural Sanitation and Hygiene:

  • Prepare a national sanitation program to address the deficit.
  • Clarify policy on shared facilities.
  • Establish microfinance schemes to support sanitation delivery.

• Urban Sanitation and Hygiene:

  • Develop innovative approaches for urban sanitation.
  • Create a clear policy for low-income and peri-urban communities.
  • Strengthen sewerage treatment systems.
  • Support CLTS (Community-Led Total Sanitation) nationwide.

Conclusion

The CSO2 report underscores the importance of aligning financial resources with service delivery in Ghana's WSS sector. While significant progress has been made, especially in water supply, sanitation remains a major challenge. The report calls for stronger institutional support, better coordination between agencies, and innovative financing mechanisms to ensure that the sector can meet its targets and improve service delivery across all subsectors.