2011年-世界发展银行全球_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_Tanzania___Turning_Finance_into_Services_for_2015_and_Beyond_36页_1mb

Summary of Water Supply and Sanitation in Tanzania

Core Content

This document provides an overview of the status of water supply and sanitation in Tanzania, focusing on the transition from project-based to programmatic approaches in the sector. It outlines the challenges in turning finance into services, particularly in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and identifies key priority actions to improve service delivery and achieve the desired outcomes.

Main Findings

• Sector Reforms: Tanzania has undergone significant reforms in the water and sanitation sector over the past decade, including the adoption of the Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) and the launch of the Water Sector Development Program (WSDP), which has quadrupled sector finance since 2002.

• Coverage and Finance Trends:

  • Water supply coverage was estimated at 64% in 2009, with urban areas at 84% and rural areas at 58.7%.
  • Sanitation coverage remained stagnant at 24% (21% rural, 32% urban), with the goal of reaching 62% by 2015.
  • Public capital investment for water supply is estimated at US$272 million per year, with only US$165 million expected from public sources and US$9 million from households, leaving a deficit of US$98 million annually.
  • For sanitation, the funding gap is much larger, with a deficit of US$172 million per year, due to limited public investment and lack of effective household contributions.

• Challenges in Service Delivery:

  • Institutional: The institutional framework for sanitation is lagging behind that of water supply, and there is a need for improved inter-ministerial coordination and a finalized National Sanitation and Hygiene Policy.
  • Financial: Despite increased funding, there are concerns about the sustainability of service delivery due to low budget utilization and insufficient operation and maintenance (O&M) funding.
  • Data: Accurate data on sanitation coverage is lacking, which hinders effective planning and monitoring.

• Operational and Maintenance (O&M) Costs:

  • Annual O&M costs are estimated at US$104 million for water supply and US$21 million for sanitation, with the majority of these costs not being adequately recovered from users.
  • If O&M costs are not covered, it reduces the funds available for capital investment.

• MDG Targets:

  • Tanzania is not on track to meet the MDG targets for water supply and sanitation.
  • For water supply, an additional 2.4 million people per year need access to improved water supply to meet the MDG target.
  • For sanitation, the current trend would only provide access to 322,000 people per year, far below the required 3.5 million.

Key Priority Actions

Sectorwide

• Finalize and operationalize the National Sanitation and Hygiene Policy.
• Improve inter-ministerial coordination.
• Systematize and speed up procurement and budget management processes.
• Distinguish between routine monitoring and household surveys to better identify bottlenecks.
• Align household surveys with international best practices for sanitation.

Rural Water Supply

• Fast-track implementation of the new national program, PRONASAR, and its associated common fund.
• Establish institutional arrangements to ensure the sustainability of community-managed rural water supplies.

Urban Water Supply

• Clarify and strengthen pro-poor approaches, including accountability mechanisms, pro-poor service options, and potential tariff increases for existing users.

Rural Sanitation and Hygiene

• Identify and mainstream an effective approach for rural household sanitation promotion based on current initiatives.

Urban Sanitation and Hygiene

• Revisit the policy of relying solely on public funds for sewerage expansion and adopt a pro-poor approach that supports urban household sanitation with public solutions to better manage septage from onsite sanitation.

Conclusion

The CSO2 analysis highlights that while Tanzania has made progress in institutional and financial reforms, the transition to programmatic support has not been smooth. The sector is facing significant challenges in translating finance into services, particularly in sanitation. The agreed priority actions aim to address these bottlenecks and improve the effectiveness of investments in achieving the MDG targets for water supply and sanitation.