2012年-世界发展银行全球_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_Mozambique___Turning_Finance_into_Services_for_2015_and_Beyond_36页_1mb

Summary of Water Supply and Sanitation in Mozambique: AMCOW Country Status Overview (CSO2)

Core Content

This report, titled Water Supply and Sanitation in Mozambique: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond, is part of the second round of AMCOW Country Status Overviews (CSO2). It was commissioned by the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) and developed in collaboration with the Government of Mozambique and other stakeholders. The report evaluates the progress and challenges in the water and sanitation sector, focusing on the four subsectors: rural and urban water supply, and rural and urban sanitation and hygiene.

The CSO2 provides a comprehensive analysis of the sector's coverage, investment trends, and reform progress, using a scorecard approach to identify bottlenecks and prioritize actions for improving service delivery.

Main Points

Sector Progress

• Water Supply: Mozambique has made significant progress, particularly in urban areas. In 2008, 52% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population had access to water supply. The national target for 2015 is 70% for both urban and rural.
• Sanitation: Progress has been slower, with only 40% of the rural population and 55% of the urban population having access to sanitation in 2008. The national target is 60% for sanitation, with 50% for rural and 80% for urban.
• MDG Targets: Based on 1990-2008 trends, the water supply target for 2015 is unlikely to be met if progress remains the same. The sanitation target is even more out of reach.

Investment Trends

• Water Supply: Annual CAPEX requirements are estimated at US$116 million, with anticipated public investment of US$113 million. A small user contribution (2%) is expected to cover the remaining.
• Sanitation: Annual CAPEX requirements are much higher, at US$113 million, but public investment is only expected to reach US$35 million. This results in a significant deficit of US$78 million.
• OPEX: Estimated annual O&M costs are US$30 million for water supply and US$20 million for sanitation.

Financial Challenges

• Disbursement vs. Allocation: While disbursements have increased by 155% from 2006–08, the overall disbursement rate remains around 60% of allocations.
• Debt Accumulation: The sector has accumulated over US$15 million in arrears in each of the past three years, primarily due to the government's inability to meet counterpart contributions for donor-funded projects.
• Funding Gaps: Rural sanitation and urban sanitation face severe funding shortfalls. Urban water supply appears to have the most robust financial framework, while other subsectors lag.

Institutional Reforms

• Decentralization: Mozambique has implemented decentralization reforms, including the 1997 Decentralization Law and the 2003 Law of Local State Organs. These have created autonomous municipal governments, but fiscal and political decentralization has not kept pace.
• Regulatory Framework: A regulatory body, the Water Regulatory Council (CRA), has been established to balance government and private sector roles in water management.
• Private Sector Involvement: The private sector is increasingly involved in urban water supply, though models for rural areas remain underdeveloped.

Key Challenges

• Sustainability: Urban water supply faces challenges in maintaining operational cost recovery and capital cost recovery. Rural water services are still largely based on handpumps, with low investment and poor rehabilitation.
• Sanitation Stagnation: Progress in sanitation has been minimal, with outdated definitions and limited community participation. Sanitation marketing and hygiene promotion strategies are not yet effective.
• Data Discrepancies: There is a significant difference between the access figures reported by DNA and those from JMP/INE, which may affect policy and planning accuracy.

Priority Actions

Sectorwide

• Conduct an updated assessment of human resource needs and develop a comprehensive capacity-building plan.
• Improve financial information management through consolidated data collection, reporting, and expenditure tracking.
• Enhance donor coordination and increase programmatic support.
• Strengthen the National Sector Information Management System (SINAS) with regular performance monitoring and public dissemination.
• Address discrepancies between DNA and JMP/INE data to ensure harmonized coverage estimates.

Rural Water Supply

• Accelerate the implementation of the national program, PRONASAR, and its common fund.
• Establish institutional arrangements to ensure the sustainability of community-managed rural water supplies.

Urban Water Supply

• Support the development of the domestic private sector to operate urban water systems.
• Improve operational efficiency by reducing non-revenue water, enhancing tariff collection, and addressing over-staffing.

Rural Sanitation and Hygiene

• Prioritize sanitation at scale using total sanitation and sanitation marketing approaches.
• Strengthen the capacities of both public and private sector actors to participate in these initiatives.

Urban Sanitation and Hygiene

• Prioritize sanitation in urban areas, especially peri-urban zones, using low-cost sanitation marketing approaches.
• Strengthen public and private sector capacities to support these initiatives.

Conclusion

The report highlights that while Mozambique has made progress in water supply, particularly in urban areas, significant challenges remain in ensuring service sustainability and achieving MDG targets for sanitation. The CSO2 scorecard serves as a diagnostic tool to identify bottlenecks in the service delivery pathway and guide reforms. Priority actions focus on improving financial management, enhancing institutional frameworks, and promoting sustainable service delivery across all subsectors.