2011年-世界发展银行全球_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_Angola___Turning_Finance_into_Services_for_2015_and_Beyond_32页_1mb

Summary of Water Supply and Sanitation in Angola

Core Content

This document provides an overview of the status of water supply and sanitation in Angola, focusing on the challenges and opportunities in translating financial resources into sustainable services. It is part of the second round of Country Status Overviews (CSO2) commissioned by the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW), developed in collaboration with the Government of Angola and other stakeholders.

The report emphasizes the importance of institutional frameworks, financing strategies, and monitoring systems in achieving progress in the water and sanitation sector. It highlights the progress made since the end of the civil war in 2002 and outlines key actions required to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation.

Main Points

1. Sector Context

• Post-war Recovery: Angola is recovering from a long civil conflict, which has left infrastructure in disrepair and created a need for rebuilding and institutional strengthening.
• Population Shift: The war led to a significant migration to urban areas, increasing urban population growth rates, which are among the highest in the world.
• Financial Resources: Angola has substantial financial resources, in contrast to many regional neighbors, allowing for large-scale investments.
• MDG Targets: Despite the challenges, there is optimism that Angola may meet the MDG targets for water supply, especially in urban areas, though progress in rural areas is less certain.

2. Coverage and Finance Trends

• Coverage Data: Reliable coverage data is scarce due to the lack of a national census since 1970 and the limited availability of survey data.
• JMP Data: According to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), access to improved water increased from 36% in 1990 to 50% in 2008, and sanitation from 25% to 57% over the same period.
• Investment Needs: The required investment for water supply is $151 million annually, while anticipated public investment is $358 million. For sanitation, the required investment is $101 million, and the anticipated is $190 million.
• Funding Sources: Most of Angola’s investment funding comes from the government budget and bilateral commercial lending, rather than donor grants or multilateral loans.
• Cost Recovery: There are no clear plans to increase cost recovery for operations and maintenance (OPEX), and the government is heavily subsidizing urban sanitation services.

3. Service Delivery Pathway

• Enabling, Developing, and Sustaining Blocks: The CSO2 scorecard evaluates the service delivery pathway in three parts: enabling, developing, and sustaining services.
• Reform Focus: Angola’s reform efforts have concentrated on enabling blocks, particularly planning, but have lagged in developing and sustaining blocks.
• Bottlenecks: The lack of clear institutional roles, policy frameworks, and sustainable service delivery models remains a major challenge.

4. Key Priority Actions

• Sectorwide:

  • Conduct an immediate assessment of sector needs in human resources and develop a comprehensive capacity-building plan.
  • Fast-track the approval of the National Water Law Regulations.
  • Develop a national investment program for rural sanitation and hygiene promotion.
  • Increase and sustain support for a sectorwide information management system and performance monitoring.

• Rural Water Supply:

  • Renew efforts to develop a strategic plan and implement new management models for improved service delivery and sustainability.

• Urban Water Supply:

  • Develop and implement new management models to improve service delivery and cost recovery.

• Rural Sanitation and Hygiene:

  • Immediately resume efforts to develop and implement a national sanitation policy and strategic plan.
  • Develop a national investment program for rural sanitation.

• Urban Sanitation and Hygiene:

  • Resume efforts to develop and implement a national sanitation policy and strategic plan.
  • Develop and implement new implementation and management models for urban sanitation to ensure medium-term operation and maintenance.

Key Information

• CSO2 Scorecard: The scorecard assesses the service delivery pathway in three building blocks: enabling, developing, and sustaining, with scores ranging from 1 to 3.
• Legal Framework: The National Water Law (approved in 2002) introduced key reforms, but its regulations are still pending.
• Decentralization: The 2007 Law of Local State Administrative Units extended powers to provincial and municipal governments.
• Water for All Program (PAT): A major initiative targeting rural water supply, with plans to install or upgrade 7,000 wells and 265 piped systems by 2012, but it does not address rural sanitation.
• OPEX Requirements: Annual operations and maintenance costs are significant, with urban sanitation and rural water supply being the most costly.
• Institutional Challenges: Despite legal and policy reforms, there are still gaps in institutional capacity, role clarity, and sustainable service delivery models.

Conclusion

The report underscores the need for continued institutional reform, improved planning, and sustainable service delivery models to effectively turn finance into water and sanitation services. While Angola has made progress in some areas, especially urban water supply, challenges remain in rural areas and in ensuring long-term financial sustainability and efficient operations. The CSO2 scorecard and related assessments provide a diagnostic tool to identify these bottlenecks and guide future actions.