2014年-世界发展银行全球_Analysis_of_Displacement_in_Somalia_92页_3mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Global Program on Forced Displacement Analysis of Displacement in Somalia

Core Content

Forced displacement is a defining feature of the current political and socio-economic landscape in Somalia. It has created a large and vulnerable population of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), who require sustained support and are a critical focus for development initiatives aimed at building security and addressing exclusion. The report highlights the need for a development-oriented approach to displacement, integrating it into broader national and regional strategies rather than treating it as a purely humanitarian issue.

The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the drivers, characteristics, and implications of displacement in Somalia, emphasizing the complex interplay between conflict, environmental degradation, food insecurity, and land acquisition. It also outlines the political economy challenges and recommends integrated strategies to address the vulnerabilities of displaced populations.

Main Points

1. Scale of Displacement

As of December 2013, there were an estimated 1.1 million IDPs in Somalia, with significant numbers in South-Central Somalia (893,000), Puntland (129,000), and Somaliland (84,000).
Over one million Somali refugees are located in the Horn of Africa and Yemen.
Displacement affects not only direct victims but also returnees, multiple-displaced individuals, host communities, and those left behind.
The situation is fluid and complex, with changing patterns of movement and settlement.

2. Causes of Displacement

Conflict and violence: A primary driver, especially in urban and rural areas, with clan-based warfare and security incidents leading to large-scale displacement.
Land acquisition: Dominant clans have taken over land, particularly in agricultural zones, leading to displacement of minority groups.
Environmental factors: Climate change, droughts, and floods have severely impacted livelihoods, forcing people to migrate.
Food insecurity: Drought and conflict have caused widespread food shortages, exacerbating displacement and vulnerability.

3. Characteristics of Displacement

Displacement has reshaped Somali society, contributing to urbanization, re-concentration of social groups, and gender role redefinitions.
The northern autonomous territories have seen sharpened identities and clan dynamics.
Displacement is often a combination of factors, including both forced displacement and voluntary migration.

Key Vulnerabilities

Urban Vulnerabilities: IDPs in cities like Mogadishu face forced evictions, lack of access to services, and insecure housing.
Livelihood Vulnerabilities: Displaced persons, especially those from rural areas, often lose their means of subsistence, making economic recovery difficult.
Security and Human Rights: Al-Shabaab and other armed groups continue to pose a threat to peace and security, complicating return and integration efforts.
Gender-Related Vulnerabilities: Returnee women and female-headed households are particularly vulnerable due to lack of support systems and gender-based discrimination.
Other Vulnerabilities: Host communities and those left behind also face challenges, including social exclusion and economic marginalization.

Political Economy Challenges

Gatekeepers: Local and regional actors, including clan leaders and bilateral/multilateral donors, influence access to resources and services.
Clan Profile: Clan politics has shaped displacement patterns, with minority clans being disproportionately affected.
Land Access: Land legislation and ownership remain fragmented and unjust, especially in rural and urban areas.
Governance: Central, regional, and local authorities have limited capacity to manage displacement and provide services.
International Aid: The political economy of aid needs to be more inclusive and responsive to the needs of IDPs.

Recommendations

Technical Assistance: Provide technical support to Somalia’s Federal Government, Somaliland, and Puntland to develop or revise IDP policies.
Displacement Sensitivity: Mainstream displacement issues into national development planning and sector strategies.
Land Reform: Assist in land reform processes to ensure secure land tenure for returnees and IDPs.
Economic Analysis: Conduct further research on the economic dimensions of displacement, including agricultural potential, land reform, and workforce development.
Return Programmes: Plan and implement return programmes that focus on sustainable livelihoods and employment opportunities.
Urban Planning: Include long-term IDPs in urban development planning, especially in small and medium towns.
Service Delivery: Improve infrastructure and basic services (health, education) to support poor and displaced populations.
Local NGOs: Strengthen the capacity of local NGOs to provide services to returnees and IDPs in urban areas.

Conclusion

The report underscores the need for a holistic and integrated approach to displacement in Somalia, focusing on development, security, and inclusion. It highlights the long-term implications of displacement on Somali society, culture, and economy, and calls for policy and programmatic changes to ensure sustainable integration and return. The recommendations aim to address the root causes of displacement and enhance resilience among affected populations.