2015年-世界发展银行全球_Forced_Displacement_and_Mixed_Migration_in_the_Horn_of_Africa_110页_14mb

Summary of the Eastern Africa Forced Displacement and Mixed Migration Study

Core Content

The Horn of Africa (HOA) study, conducted by the World Bank Group and UNHCR, explores the complex interplay between forced displacement and mixed migration in the region. It highlights how displacement and migration are not isolated phenomena but are deeply intertwined with development challenges, governance issues, and security concerns. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the situation, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to address these challenges effectively.

Main Points

1. Displacement Context in the Horn of Africa

• The Horn of Africa includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.
• The region is characterized by weak governance, insecurity, environmental degradation, entrenched poverty, and persistent development challenges.
• Conflict remains a major driver of displacement, but it is often compounded by climate change, resource scarcity, and economic instability.

2. Displacement Statistics

• The region hosts over 8.7 million displaced persons, including 6.5 million IDPs and 2.2 million refugees.
• The majority of displaced persons are children and women, with a significant number being female-headed households.
• Displacement situations in the HOA have often persisted for over 20 years.

3. Types of Displacement

• There are four major protracted displacement situations in the HOA:
  • Eritrea: Mixed migration is significant.
  • Somalia: Conflict, violence, food insecurity, and environmental factors (floods and droughts) drive displacement.
  • South Sudan: Displacement is due to conflict with Sudan and internal conflict.
  • Sudan: Tensions between central and peripheral regions and an unequitable distribution of power and wealth are key drivers.

4. Mixed Migration

• Mixed migration refers to the coexistence of forced displacement and voluntary migration for economic reasons.
• It includes refugees, returnees, victims of trafficking, and labor migrants.
• The phenomenon is increasing and has led to complex social and economic dynamics in host communities.

5. Impacts on Hosting Communities

• Refugee camps are often located in underdeveloped and economically marginalized borderlands.
• The presence of refugees has both positive and negative impacts:
  • Positive: Contribution to local economies, market growth, and infrastructure development.
  • Negative: Increased competition for resources, environmental degradation, and social tensions.
• Urbanization of displacement is becoming more common, placing additional pressure on social infrastructure and livelihood opportunities.

6. Protection Challenges

• Gender-based violence (GBV) is a major issue, especially in conflict-affected areas.
• GBV is often linked to entrenched gender norms and insecurity.
• Protection remains a critical concern for both displaced and migrant populations, especially women and children.

7. Legal and Institutional Frameworks

• The region has both international and domestic legal frameworks governing refugees and IDPs.
• These include refugee and IDP laws, property rights, freedom of movement, and access to livelihoods.
• Legal and institutional gaps are often a barrier to durable solutions and self-reliance.

8. Regional and National Initiatives

• Regional initiatives include the East African Community (EAC), Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and African Union (AU).
• National initiatives are being implemented to address displacement, return, and reintegration.
• These efforts are aimed at enhancing social cohesion, improving service delivery, and building resilience.

9. Recommendations for a Holistic Approach

• A holistic approach is essential to address the development challenges of protracted displacement.
• Key principles include:
  • Enhancing governance capacity.
  • Mitigating economic, social, and environmental impacts.
  • Strengthening resilience and self-reliance.
  • Addressing GBV.
  • Improving partnerships, financing, and implementation.
• The study emphasizes the need for transitional and durable solutions, including:
  • Environmental amelioration.
  • Improved service delivery.
  • Enhanced economic opportunities.
  • Support for return and urbanization.

Key Information

1. Key Actors

• UNHCR and World Bank are the primary institutions involved in the study.
• NGOs, bilateral donors, and international organizations are also engaged in addressing displacement and migration.

2. Field Visits and Data Collection

• The study team conducted field visits to refugee camps and urban centers in the region.
• They gathered data through interviews, focus group discussions, and collaboration with local governments and UN partners.

3. Economic and Social Impact

• Refugee camps have positive economic impacts by stimulating local markets and increasing labor availability.
• However, they also lead to increased competition for resources, rising prices, and fiscal strain on host communities.

4. Policy and Programmatic Recommendations

• The study proposes a shared agenda for humanitarian and development actors to work together.
• Regional legal frameworks and skills training programs are recommended to support cross-border movements and intra-regional migration.
• The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Free Movement Protocols could serve as a model for IGAD in developing similar legal frameworks.

5. Future Outlook

• The region faces interconnected threats such as illegal trafficking, terrorism, and money flows due to weak governance and entrenched corruption.
• The imminent extraction of oil and gas presents both opportunities and challenges for the region’s economic stability and development.

Conclusion

The study underscores the complexity and interdependence of forced displacement and mixed migration in the Horn of Africa. It calls for a holistic and integrated approach that considers development, governance, legal frameworks, and social cohesion. By working together, international and regional actors can develop sustainable solutions that support refugees, host communities, and migrants in achieving self-reliance and long-term stability.