2013年-世界发展银行全球_Forced_Displacement___Moving_from_Managing_Risk_to_Facilitating_Opportunity_19页_701kb

Summary of the World Development Report 2014 Background Note: Forced Displacement – Moving from Managing Risk to Facilitating Opportunity

Core Content

The World Development Report 2014 Background Note by Sadaf Lakhani explores the concept of forced displacement as a development challenge, rather than solely a humanitarian crisis. It emphasizes the need for a shift in policy and program approaches to facilitate opportunities for displaced populations and their host communities, moving away from a focus on aid dependency.

Main Points

1. Forced Displacement as a Global Phenomenon

• Scope: Approximately 43 million people are affected by forced displacement globally, including 15.2 million refugees and 27.5 million internally displaced persons (IDPs).
• Protracted Displacement: Around 70% of displaced persons are in protracted displacement, often spanning generations.
• Impact: Displacement leads to loss of security, assets, access to services, and dignity, with significant developmental needs that differ from other vulnerable groups.

2. Developmental Opportunities in Displacement

• Economic Potential: Displacement can be seen as an economic opportunity, not just a crisis. It can stimulate host economies through increased production, consumption, and labor.
• Examples of Benefits: The Daadab refugee camp in Kenya contributes $82 million annually to the local economy, and refugees and IDPs often bring new skills and resources.
• Need for Integration: Successful integration of displaced populations requires legal, economic, and social support from host governments and communities.

3. Effective Policies and Programs

• Linking Humanitarian and Development Approaches: Countries like Tanzania, Burundi, and Pakistan have shown that combining humanitarian and development strategies can reduce dependency and enhance self-reliance.
• Avoiding Encampment: Encampment often leads to aid dependency and limits opportunities. Flexible mobility policies are essential for enabling displaced populations to seek livelihoods.
• Supporting Self-Reliance: Programs that focus on livelihood opportunities, education, and employment help displaced individuals to rebuild their lives.
• Infrastructure and Economic Support: In Sudan and Kenya, development assistance has included agricultural training, water harvesting, and microfinance to improve conditions for both displaced and host communities.
• Remittances and Microfinance: Remittances from displaced populations can serve as development capital, and microfinance can support income generation, especially in conflict-affected areas.

4. Challenges in Transitioning from Dependency to Opportunity

a. Host Governments

• Policy and Legal Restrictions: Host governments often restrict movement and access to labor markets, which can lead to irregular migration and increased vulnerability.
• Ethnic and Political Concerns: Fears over ethnic balance, security, and political stability can result in refusal of asylum or repatriation policies.
• Funding Priorities: Host governments may perceive refugees as a burden on public resources, leading to limited support for integration.

b. Humanitarian and Development Actors

• Short-Term Focus: Humanitarian assistance is often short-term and project-based, missing the long-term developmental potential of displaced populations.
• Lack of Coordination: There is a lack of incentives and expertise to coordinate between humanitarian and development efforts.
• Accountability Issues: Funding is often based on spending and projected demand, not on results achieved, which undermines accountability and effectiveness.

c. Displaced Individuals

• Resourcefulness: Displaced people often develop coping strategies and new livelihoods despite adverse conditions.
• Limited Access to Financial Services: Microfinance and savings are often unavailable or inaccessible, limiting their ability to build resilience.

Key Recommendations

• Reframe Displacement as a Development Challenge: Shift from viewing displacement as a crisis to recognizing it as an opportunity for economic and social development.
• Promote Flexible Mobility: Encourage regional integration and liberal migration policies to support displaced populations in finding sustainable livelihoods.
• Integrate Development and Humanitarian Approaches: Foster coordinated efforts between development and humanitarian actors to address long-term needs.
• Support Self-Reliance: Provide microfinance, education, and employment opportunities to enable displaced individuals to become self-sufficient.
• Enhance Host Community Integration: Support legal, economic, and social integration of displaced populations to ensure mutual benefit and long-term stability.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of moving beyond the humanitarian paradigm to embrace a developmental approach in addressing forced displacement. It calls for policy reforms, program innovations, and cross-sectoral coordination to reduce dependency and facilitate opportunities for both displaced individuals and host communities. This shift can lead to economic recovery, social cohesion, and long-term resilience in the face of displacement.