2023-05-17-IEA-芬兰2023年能源政策审查（英）_187页_4mb

Finland 2023 Energy Policy Summary

Core Content

Finland's energy and climate policies are aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by 2035, enhancing energy security, reducing energy import dependency, promoting a sustainable economy, and protecting biodiversity. The country is a member of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and has taken significant steps to transition towards clean energy and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, especially in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Key Policies and Targets

Climate and Energy Objectives

• Climate Change Act (2022): Legally binds Finland to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035, with intermediate targets of:
  • 60% reduction in GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) by 2030
  • 80% reduction by 2040
  • 90–95% reduction by 2050
• National Climate and Energy Strategy (NCES): Outlines the roadmap for achieving the 2035 target, emphasizing:
  • Maintaining a high share of nuclear energy
  • Increasing renewable energy generation (especially wind and hydro)
  • Improving energy efficiency across all sectors
  • Electrifying energy demand
  • Developing and commercializing new energy technologies

Energy Security and Import Reduction

• Reduced reliance on Russian energy: Historically, Russia was a major supplier, but following the invasion of Ukraine, Finland has taken steps to reduce this dependence:
  • Secured a floating storage and regasification (FSRU) terminal to cover gas needs of Finland and Estonia
  • Launched a consumer awareness campaign, leading to significant energy demand reductions
• Energy taxation and subsidies: Adjusted energy taxation to support low-carbon investments and reduced fossil fuel subsidies to align with climate goals

Renewable Energy Expansion

• Renewable energy sources: Finland's energy mix includes:
  • Bioenergy and waste (33.6% of TES in 2021)
  • Wind (2.2% of TES)
  • Hydro (4.1% of TES)
• Growth in renewables: Onshore wind generation has seen strong growth, and the first new nuclear reactor in Europe in over 15 years began operations in April 2023
• Future targets: Ambitious goals include expanding offshore wind farms and increasing solar PV deployment

Energy Efficiency Measures

• High energy intensity: Finland has a high energy intensity per capita (251.0 GJ/capita) and per GDP (5.44 MJ per 2015 USD PPP)
• Efficiency focus: Energy efficiency is a key pillar of the strategy, especially in industry (53% of TFC) and buildings (31% of TFC)
• Heating efficiency: Fuel switching from oil to more efficient heating solutions, such as heat pumps, has improved heating efficiency
• Transport efficiency: EV adoption has grown significantly, doubling annually from 2012 to 2021, and the government aims to electrify the transport fleet

Challenges

• Fossil fuel dependency: Imported fossil fuels still account for over one-third of Finland's energy supply, with transport and industry being the most reliant sectors
• LULUCF emissions: Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) have historically offset emissions but became a net source in 2021, raising concerns about long-term trends
• Energy price volatility: High energy prices and volatility persist due to the global energy crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Key Recommendations

• Develop a contingency plan for the 2035 net zero target in case LULUCF fails to provide sufficient carbon sinks
• Ensure temporary energy price measures do not undermine long-term clean energy investments
• Support increased deployment of energy storage to enhance grid and heating network resilience
• Accelerate EV adoption with a clear plan for expanding charging infrastructure and promoting public transport
• Prepare an offshore wind power road map with clear regulatory frameworks and ambitious targets
• Assess additional measures to reduce oil consumption in transport to meet the 2030 50% emissions reduction target

Energy Sector Overview

Energy Production, Supply, and Demand (2021)

• Total Energy Supply (TES): 1391 PJ, down 5% since 2011
• Total Final Consumption (TFC): 1067 PJ, up 2% since 2011
• TFC by sector:
  • Industry: 53%
  • Buildings: 31%
  • Transport: 16%

Energy Sources

• Bioenergy and waste: 33.6%
• Oil: 20.8%
• Nuclear: 18.5%
• Coal: 6.3%
• Natural gas: 6.4%
• Electricity imports: 4.6%
• Hydro: 4.1%
• Peat: 2.7%
• Wind: 2.2%
• Heat: 0.6%

Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear share in electricity generation: 33% in 2021, expected to rise to over 40% with the start of the Olkiluoto 3 reactor
• Nuclear waste management: Onkalo facility, the world's first permanent geological disposal site for spent nuclear fuel, is expected to begin operations in 2025
• Uranium production: Terrafame, a state-owned company, is developing a uranium production facility to support domestic nuclear energy needs

Natural Gas

• Natural gas share in TES: 6.4% (vs IEA average of 24%)
• Gas imports: Mainly from Russia, but efforts are underway to diversify sources and reduce dependency
• Gas infrastructure: Includes the FSRU terminal, which began operations in December 2022

Oil

• Oil share in TES: 21% (vs IEA average of 35%)
• Oil imports: Mostly from Russia, with 81% of crude oil net imports and 75% of natural gas imports coming from Russia
• Transport policy: Aims to reduce oil consumption in transport by 50% by 2030 and end fossil fuel use by 2045

Peat

• Peat share in TES: 2.7%
• Peat share in electricity generation: 2.9%
• Peat reduction target: At least 50% by 2030, with most peat-fired plants likely to close before then

Innovation and Technology

• Energy R&D: Finland ranks fourth in IEA countries for energy R&D budget as a share of GDP in 2020
• Innovation focus: On hard-to-abate sectors and global deployment of new technologies
• Battery industry: Finland is a major producer of critical minerals like cobalt, nickel, and lithium, with a focus on developing high-value products
• National Battery Strategy 2025: Aims to position Finland as a key player in the international battery industry

Conclusion

Finland has made significant strides in improving energy security and advancing its clean energy transition. Despite progress, challenges remain in reducing fossil fuel dependency and ensuring long-term carbon neutrality. The IEA report highlights the need for continued innovation, policy support, and strategic planning to achieve these goals.