2009年-世界发展银行全球_Colombia_-_Country_Note_on_Climate_Change_Aspects_in_Agriculture_12页_3mb

Summary of Colombia's Climate Change and Agriculture Context

Core Content

Colombia is a Latin American country that has submitted one national communication to the UNFCCC and is preparing a second. Agriculture plays a significant role in the country's economy and is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly nitrous oxide and methane. The country is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, especially in the agricultural sector, with extreme weather events like floods posing a serious threat to production and livelihoods. The government is actively working on policies and programs to address both mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

Main Points

1. Contribution of Agriculture to the Economy and Emissions

• Agriculture contributes significantly to Colombia's economy and GHG emissions.
• The agricultural sector, including land use change and forestry, accounts for 96% of all nitrous oxide emissions and 77% of all methane emissions (from enteric fermentation and manure handling).
• Land use change and forestry account for 21% of all CO₂ emissions in 1994.
• Colombia has a National GHG Inventory with 1990 as the base year, and an updated version for 1994. A renewed inventory will be included in the Second National Communication.

2. Climate Projections and Impacts

• Temperature is projected to increase between 1 and 2°C in the High Mountains of Colombia by 2050, leading to the disappearance of snow-covered areas by 2030 and a 56% loss of moorland by 2050.
• The rainy season in the San Andres islands is expected to increase by 15% by 2050 and 20% by 2080, increasing the risk of flooding.
• Sea level is projected to rise by 40–60 cm on the Caribbean and Pacific Coasts by 2050–2060 compared to the 1961–1990 period.
• Floods have had the highest human and economic impact in Colombia between 2002 and 2007, affecting 2.9 million people and costing US$10 million in damages.

3. Policy Context

• Colombia has developed a National Climate Change Policy and is working on an Integrated Action Plan for climate change.
• The Integrated National Adaptation Project (INAP) is a five-year initiative aimed at supporting adaptation and prevention measures, focusing on highland ecosystems, island areas, and human health.
• Colombia is preparing a Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, which will include updated GHG inventories, vulnerability and adaptation studies, and a chapter on mitigation measures.

4. Institutional Context

• The Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development (MAVDT) is the national authority on climate change, including the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and oversees the Climate Change Mitigation Group.
• The Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) provides scientific and technical support for climate change-related actions and coordinated the preparation of the First National Communication.
• The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) is responsible for agricultural policies and has supported 14 research studies on climate change mitigation and adaptation since 2008.
• The Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) advises on agricultural policy and research, including climate change impact studies.
• The National Corporation on Research and Forest Promotion (CONIF) focuses on forest research and sustainable use.

5. Mitigation Measures

• The Program for Conservation, Management and Restoration of Forestry Ecosystems is part of the National Forest Development Plan (PNDF), aiming to reduce emissions and promote agroforestry.
• The Green Plan (Plan Verde) targets 1 million hectares of reforested or restored land.
• Colombia joined the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) in 2008, aiming to reduce emissions from deforestation and promote silvopastoral systems (SPS) in cattle ranching.
• SPS practices have been shown to reduce GHG emissions, sequester carbon, and improve productivity and reduce the use of fire.

6. Adaptation Measures

• There are 19 registered projects in Colombia, but no registered CDM projects in agriculture.
• The BioCarbon Fund is a public/private initiative that supports carbon sequestration and conservation in agro-ecosystems and forests.
• Colombia has 40 adaptation projects under implementation, involving around 100 institutions, including:
  • 13 projects for the Colombian Highlands
  • 3 projects for coastal and insular areas
  • 1 project on health issues
  • 13 projects focused on the agricultural sector
• Key projects include:
  • Adaptation to Climate Change in San Andres Island
  • Pilot Project on Adaptation to Climate Change in the Macizo Colombiano, in cooperation with UNDP and the Spanish government.

7. Social Aspects and Interventions

• Agriculture is a major source of employment (over 30% of total employment), value added (1/5 of total value added), and foreign exchange (over 1/3).
• 52.6% of the population lives below the poverty line, with 69% in rural areas.
• The RAS (Emergency Social Safety Net) was established in response to the 1998–99 economic crisis, comprising three programs:
  • Familias en Acción (Conditional Cash Transfer)
  • Empleo en Acción (Public Works)
  • Jovenes en Acción (Youth Training)
• The Fund for Support of Rural Women (FOMMUR) aims to build capacity in rural areas, focusing on access to finance, project formulation, and entrepreneurship.
• The Climate Change Discussion Table (Mesa Nacional de Cambio Climático) was established to coordinate climate change impacts on human development and reduce disaster risks.
• The Red Cross of Colombia, in collaboration with the Red Cross of Holland and DIPECHO, is working on a project called "Safer and better prepared communities" to reduce disaster risks through education and capacity building.

8. Insurance Instruments

• Crop insurance was introduced in 1993, discontinued, and reintroduced in 2004.
• The Federal Government subsidizes 60% of crop insurance premiums for group policies and 30% for individual policies since 2006.
• Livestock insurance was implemented in 2000.
• 30,000 hectares of cropland are currently insured, representing 0.83% of the total cultivated area.
• The four main risks covered are drought, floods, moisture, and MPCI.
• The four main crops insured are plantains, bananas, corn, and cotton.

Key Information

• Agriculture is a major contributor to GHG emissions in Colombia, especially nitrous oxide and methane.
• Climate change poses serious threats to agricultural productivity, particularly in the Caribbean Coast and San Andres Islands, where floods are a growing concern.
• Colombia is developing climate change policies, including the Integrated National Adaptation Project (INAP) and an Integrated Action Plan.
• The Ministry of Environment and IDEAM are key institutions in climate policy development and scientific research.
• Silvopastoral systems (SPS) have shown significant GHG emission reductions and carbon sequestration benefits.
• Adaptation efforts include both local projects and national strategies.
• Social programs like RAS and FOMMUR aim to support poverty reduction, rural development, and capacity building.
• Insurance mechanisms are being developed to help farmers manage climate risks.