2021-12-15-世界卫生组织-Tobacco_Chad_2021_country_profile_10页_336kb

Country Profile Summary: Chad (WHO Global Tobacco Epidemic Report, 2021)

Core Information

• Country: Chad
• Population: 16,425,859
• Income Group: Low-income
• WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC):
  • Date of Signature: 22 June 2004
  • Date of Ratification: 30 January 2006

MPOWER Measures Overview

MPOWER is a set of six policy measures to reduce tobacco use. Compliance is scored on a scale of 0-10, with 10 being the highest. Compliance is only measured for Smoke-Free Environments (P) and Advertising Bans (E). The compliance score for P is 4, and for E is 9.

Key Measures and Compliance

Monitoring (M)

• Tobacco Use Prevalence:
  • Adolescents (ages 13-15):
    • Male: 20.9% (current), 8.4% (daily)
    • Female: 13.9% (current), 4.3% (daily)
    • Both sexes: 18.9% (current), 7.5% (daily)
  • Adults (ages 15+):
    • Male: 13.4% (current), 10.4% (daily)
    • Female: 2.7% (current), 0.4% (daily)
  • Recent and representative surveys: No data available for adults and adolescents since 2014-15 and 2008, respectively.

Smoke-Free Environments (P)

• Compliance Score: 4
• Smoke-Free Laws:
  • Health-care facilities: Yes (score 5)
  • Educational facilities (except universities): Yes (score 6)
  • Universities: Yes (score 6)
  • Government facilities: Yes (score 6)
  • Indoor offices and workplaces: Yes (score 6)
  • Restaurants: Yes (score 6)
  • Cafés, pubs and bars: Yes (score 4)
  • Public transport: Yes (score 8)
  • All other public places: Yes (score not specified)
• Fines for smoking violations: Yes
• Complaint system: Yes
• Funds for enforcement: No

Cessation Programmes (O)

• Toll-free quit line: No
• Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT):
  • Legally sold: Yes
  • Purchased at pharmacies without Rx: Yes
  • Covered by health insurance: No
  • On essential drugs list: No
• Bupropion and Varenicline:
  • Legally sold: No
  • Covered by health insurance: No
• Smoking cessation support:
  • Available in health clinics: No
  • Available in hospitals: No
  • Available in the community: Yes in some
  • Covered by health insurance: No

Health Warnings (W)

• Health warnings on packages:
  • Mandated: Yes for all tobacco products
  • Percentage of principal display area: 80% (front and rear combined)
  • Font style, size, and colour: Mandated
  • Graphic health warnings: Yes
  • Warnings not obscured: Yes
  • Warnings on each package: Yes
  • Apply to all tobacco products: Yes
  • Specific health warnings: 21 approved
  • Law states warnings do not remove liability of tobacco industry: No
• Other regulations:
  • Bans on misleading terms: Yes
  • Bans on figurative signs: Yes
  • Bans on flavour descriptors: No
  • Bans on quantitative information (tar, nicotine, etc.): No
  • Mandatory quit line number on packaging: No
  • Plain packaging: No

Advertising Bans (E)

• Compliance Score: 9
• Direct Advertising Bans:
  • National TV and radio: Yes (score 9)
  • International TV and radio: Yes (interpreted from national ban)
  • Local magazines and newspapers: Yes (score 7)
  • International magazines and newspapers: Yes (interpreted from national ban)
  • Billboards and outdoor advertising: Yes (score 9)
  • Advertising at point of sale: Yes (score 2)
  • Internet advertising: No
• Indirect Advertising Bans:
  • Promotional discounts: Yes (score 8)
  • Non-tobacco products with tobacco brand names: Yes (score 6)
  • Brand name of non-tobacco products used for tobacco: Yes (score 6)
  • Tobacco brands in TV/films: Yes (score 9)
  • Tobacco products in TV/films: No
  • Anti-tobacco ads before/after tobacco content: No
  • Complete ban on sponsorship: Yes (score 9)
  • Ban on publicizing sponsorship: Yes
  • Ban on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities: No
  • Tobacco companies publicizing CSR: No
  • Entities publicizing tobacco CSR: No
  • Tobacco companies funding prevention campaigns: No
  • Tobacco products display at point of sale: No
  • Internet sales of tobacco products: No

Taxation (R)

• Tobacco taxation policy:
  • Total taxes on most sold cigarette brand (2020): 51.6% of retail price
    • Specific excise: 20.00%
    • Ad valorem excise: 12.10%
    • VAT/sales tax: 15.25%
    • Import duty: 0.00%
    • Other taxes: 4.24%
• Affordability:
  • Cigarettes less affordable since 2010: No
  • Cigarettes became less affordable in 2020 compared to 2018: No
  • Trend in affordability since 2010: No change
  • % of GDP per capita to buy 100 packs: 13.36%
• Earmarked taxes for health:
  • Specific tax on cigarettes: 100 CFA per pack used for universal health coverage
  • Type of excise: Mixed excise
  • Uniform excise tax: Yes
  • Specific tax automatically adjusted for inflation: No
  • Price dispersion (cheapest vs. premium brand): 66.67%
  • Duty-free cigarette sales banned: No

Summary of Key Points

• Chad has implemented complete smoke-free laws in most public places, with a compliance score of 4 for smoke-free environments.
• Health warnings on tobacco packages are mandated and cover 80% of the principal display area, with graphic warnings and no obscuring.
• Tobacco taxation is significant, with 51.6% of the retail price of the most sold cigarette brand being tax, but cigarettes have not become less affordable since 2010.
• Cessation programmes are limited, with no national quit line, NRT available but not covered by health insurance, and cessation support available only in some community settings.
• Advertising bans are comprehensive, covering national TV, radio, and print, but no internet advertising is banned.
• Subnational laws are covered by national legislation.
• National tobacco control programme exists with 6 full-time equivalent staff and FCFA 122,500,000 in government expenditure (2018).

Conclusion

Chad has made progress in implementing smoke-free environments and tobacco taxation measures, but monitoring, cessation support, and anti-tobacco mass media campaigns are lacking. The affordability of cigarettes has not decreased since 2010, and health warnings are robust but do not cover liability or include quit line numbers. Overall, Chad has a moderate level of compliance with MPOWER measures.