2012年-世界发展银行全球_Scaling_Up_Handwashing_and_Rural_Sanitation___Findings_from_a_Baseline_Survey_in_Tanzania_33页_1mb

Summary of "Scaling Up Handwashing and Rural Sanitation: Findings from a Baseline Survey in Tanzania"

Core Content

This document is a baseline survey report conducted by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) in rural Tanzania, focusing on the conditions of sanitation and handwashing practices in five districts before the implementation of a larger program. The survey, carried out in 2008–2009, aimed to provide data for an impact evaluation, but data collection was halted in five of the ten planned districts due to reliability issues. The findings are validated against the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS).

Main Findings

Household Characteristics

• The typical household in the target areas is headed by a male and has an average of 4.9 members.
• Most households have at least one child under five years old (1.4 on average).
• Over 80% of household members have had some schooling, and 85% of households are headed by a male.
• The average age of household members is 18.2 years, and the average age of the household head is 37.6 years.
• About 90% of household heads have worked outside the home in the past year, with an average monthly income of 114,769 TZS (approximately US$73).
• The per capita monthly income is around 23,422 TZS, slightly lower than the 2007 rural Tanzania Mainland Household Budget Survey average of 28,418 TZS.

Water Sources and Practices

• Only 49.7% of households have access to improved water sources, which are generally not located in their dwellings or on their plots.
• The main water sources are:
  • Unprotected dug well (27.1%)
  • Piped water from public tap (24.2%)
  • Surface water (19.2%)
• On average, 31.5% of these sources are located in the household's own yard or plot, 13.4% within the dwelling, and 55.1% elsewhere.
• Most households (86%) store drinking water at home, but only 24.4% treat it before consumption.
• Boiling is the most common treatment method, reported by 43% of households, while others use settling, straining, or filtering.

Handwashing Behavior

• Handwashing with soap at critical times (e.g., after using the toilet, before handling food) is low.
• Only 33.7% of caregivers reported washing hands at one or more critical times in the past 24 hours.
• Only 21.2% mentioned washing hands after using the toilet.
• The survey used two methods to assess handwashing behavior: self-reporting and spot-check observations of handwashing facilities.
• Many households lack designated handwashing places with both soap and water.

Sanitation Facilities

• Most households (89%) use pit latrines, with only 12.7% having a pit latrine with a slab.
• Open defecation is reported in 9.2% of the households.
• Sanitation facilities are often basic and do not separate human waste from the rest of the household environment.

Child Care and Nutrition

• Children under two years old often play with household objects (85.9%) and are sung to by adults (55.6%).
• Less than 15% of caregivers reported reading or telling stories to children in the three days before the survey.
• Breastfeeding is common, with 89% of children under two years consuming breast milk.
• Most children (72.1%) consume homemade gruel, and 20.3% are given beverages like tea or coffee.
• Solid or semi-solid food was given to 70.3% of children, on average 2.41 times per day.

Key Information

• Program Context: WSP has been working since 2007 on global initiatives to improve rural sanitation and handwashing.
• Methodology: The survey was conducted in 1,500 households across six districts, with data collection cancelled in five due to reliability issues.
• Data Validation: The results were cross-validated with the 2010 DHS.
• Challenges Identified:
  • Limited knowledge of critical handwashing times.
  • Inadequate access to improved water and sanitation facilities.
  • Poor practices in water treatment and handwashing.
  • Open defecation remains a significant issue.
  • Child feces disposal practices are unsafe.
• Program Goals: To improve health outcomes through better sanitation and handwashing practices using a combination of CLTS, behavior change communication, and sanitation marketing.

Conclusion

The survey highlights the poor baseline conditions of sanitation and hygiene in rural Tanzanian households, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. It serves as a foundation for future impact evaluations and provides evidence to guide the scaling-up of sanitation programs in the region.