2008年-世界发展银行全球_Enabling_Environment_Assessment_for_Scaling_up_Sanitation_Programs____East_Java_Indonesia_78页_1mb

Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling Up Sanitation Programs: East Java, Indonesia

Core Content

This report is part of the Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It aims to assess the enabling environment for scaling up sanitation programs in East Java, Indonesia, and to provide findings and recommendations based on a baseline assessment conducted in July and August 2007. A follow-up assessment is planned for mid-2009.

The project is based on the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) approach, which combines Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and sanitation marketing to stimulate demand and improve the supply of sanitation-related products and services among the rural poor. The goal is to meet the 2015 sanitation MDG targets in Indonesia, Tanzania, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Main Findings

Policy, Strategy, and Direction

• There is a growing consensus among key stakeholders on the TSSM approach.
• The Ministry of Health (MoH) and BAPPENAS have been instrumental in promoting CLTS.
• The draft National Operational Strategy for rural sanitation and hygiene improvement encourages policy alignment around TSSM and defines minimum standards for hygienic latrines.
• However, central government ownership of the project is limited, and decentralization has led to district-level interest in sanitation programs.

Institutional Arrangements

• There is limited cross-sectoral coordination in the central government, particularly between ministries focused on infrastructure (e.g., MoPW) and those focused on health and sanitation (e.g., MoH).
• Puskesmas (rural health centers) lack the resources and incentives to effectively perform sanitation and health surveillance tasks.
• District-level ownership is strong due to active promotion and awareness campaigns, but central-level involvement remains minimal.

Program Methodology

• The TSSM approach is being tested for the first time in Indonesia, combining CLTS with sanitation marketing.
• While the CLTS approach has been successful in East Java, the sanitation marketing component is still in development.
• The project targets 11% of rural communities in East Java, potentially missing more challenging areas.

Implementation Capacity

• Capacity constraints exist at all levels (national, provincial, and district).
• Training and support for local staff are critical to the success of the project.
• Districts are using contracted resource agencies to strengthen local implementation capacity.

Availability of Products and Tools

• There are few successful examples of non-private sanitation supply in East Java.
• Most projects have relied on heavily subsidized technologies.
• Local materials (mud, bamboo, palm fronds) may be more suitable for poor households than market-bought ones.

Financing

• Government funding for sanitation has increased, particularly for the PAMSIMAS program.
• District budgets are increasingly focused on local economic growth rather than central objectives.
• Incentive systems are needed to encourage long-term sanitation improvements, but their funding sources are uncertain.

Cost-Effective Implementation

• There is limited cost-effectiveness data available for sanitation interventions in Indonesia.
• A recent review in Cambodia showed that the CLTS approach is more cost-effective than subsidy-based models.
• The sanitation marketing approach is expected to be more cost-effective due to its market-based nature.

Monitoring and Evaluation

• Sanitation coverage is difficult to measure due to differences in definitions between WHO-UNICEF and national surveys.
• Routine monitoring is lacking in Indonesia, and few programs track latrine usage, open defecation, handwashing, or infant excreta disposal.

Key Recommendations

• Enhance information sharing and advocacy at the central government level to promote awareness and alignment with the TSSM approach.
• Encourage strategic district-level planning and provincial-level aggregation of sanitation action plans to identify gaps and effective approaches.
• Strengthen synergies with the Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Project (ISSDP) to address both urban and rural sanitation challenges.
• Clarify roles and responsibilities for central government ministries involved in sanitation to avoid overlap and competition.
• Define and differentiate the roles of the sanitation working group and the WASPOLA water and sanitation working group.
• Develop a training system for sanitation professionals, potentially in partnership with local universities or technical colleges.
• Increase demand for and verification of sanitation and health surveillance data, with benchmarking to improve performance.
• Follow up on CLTS activities after one year to ensure latrine usage continues and to encourage simple upgrades.
• Secure sustainable financing for an outcome-based incentive system, involving local governments, donor agencies, NGOs, and nontraditional donors.
• Develop a long-term phased strategy for environmental sanitation to leverage the momentum from achieving Open Defecation-Free (ODF) status.
• Conduct a joint review of sanitation and hygiene interventions to learn from successes and challenges, and to compare the cost-effectiveness of different approaches.

Conclusion

The report outlines the progress made in East Java through the CLTS approach and the potential of TSSM for scaling up sanitation improvements. It emphasizes the importance of policy alignment, institutional coordination, capacity building, and financial sustainability in achieving long-term sanitation goals. The findings and recommendations provide a foundation for further action and learning in the sanitation sector in Indonesia.