2018-可持续发展目标16进展报告（英文版）-7mb

SDG16 Summary

Core Content

This report by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) provides a comprehensive global audit of progress on Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG16), which focuses on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. The goal aims to promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.

SDG16 is considered one of the most ambitious goals of the SDGs, as it addresses the root causes of conflict and violence, which are major impediments to development. The report highlights the challenges in measuring SDG16, including data availability, methodological limitations, and political barriers. It emphasizes the importance of using both official and unofficial data sources, as well as composite measures like the IEP Global Peace Index (GPI) and Positive Peace Index (PPI), to assess progress toward peace.

Main Findings

• Data Coverage: Out of 22 SDG16 indicators covered in the report, eight have data for less than 50% of countries, while only seven have data for more than 90%.
• Important Indicators: Indicators related to violence against children, sexual violence, and underreporting of violence have comparable data for less than 40% of countries.
• Corruption and Justice: Corruption remains a major challenge, with nearly 15% of businesses expecting bribes from public officials. Only four countries have 'good' performance on the Public Access to Information indicator.
• Homicide Rates: 72% of countries have seen a decline in homicide rates over the past decade, and just under 70% have a homicide rate of less than seven per 100,000 people.
• Conflict-Related Deaths: In 2016, only 34 countries recorded conflict-related deaths, indicating that internal conflict deaths are relatively rare.
• Violent Crime in Africa: Victims of violent crime have decreased in Africa, with 21 out of 34 countries covered by the Afrobarometer reporting a decline between 2006 and 2015.
• Safety in Communities: Only four countries have over 90% of the population feeling safe walking alone at night.
• Child Violence: In 53 out of 64 countries, over 60% of households reported some level of violence against children.
• Police Reporting: In the majority of African countries, less than 40% of violent incidents are reported to the police.
• Data Gaps: Many indicators, especially those related to specific forms of violence, corruption, and participation in global governance, lack sufficient data coverage.

Key Indicators and Challenges

SDG16 Indicators

SDG16 includes 12 targets that measure direct violence, drivers of violence, governance, and justice. These targets are closely aligned with IEP's research on Negative and Positive Peace, where:

• Negative Peace is defined as the absence of violence or the fear of violence.
• Positive Peace refers to the attitudes, institutions, and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies.

Tier III Indicators

The report highlights the methodological challenges in measuring SDG16, as many indicators fall under Tier III, meaning no internationally established methodology exists yet. This classification is based on the IAEG on SDG indicators framework:

• Tier I: Indicators with clear concepts, established methodologies, and regular data collection.
• Tier II: Indicators with clear concepts and methodologies, but data not regularly collected.
• Tier III: Indicators without established methodologies, requiring future development.

Political and Practical Challenges

• Political Sensitivity: Some indicators, such as corruption and journalist/human rights activist killings, are difficult to measure independently due to political reasons.
• Statistical Capacity: Many low-income countries lack the statistical infrastructure to collect and report data, which hinders progress tracking.
• Conflict Context: In countries experiencing conflict or instability, statistical capacity is often disrupted, making independent data sources like the Iraq Body Count and Syrian Human Rights Observatory essential.

Importance of SDG16

SDG16 is crucial for achieving other SDGs, as conflict and violence can significantly undermine development progress. The report underscores that peace is not an abstract concept but can be measured and acted upon, as demonstrated by the GPI. It also highlights that violence has a wide range of negative impacts, including economic losses, poverty, life expectancy, and educational outcomes.

Conclusion

While SDG16 represents a major shift in development thinking, its measurement and implementation face unique challenges. The report stresses the importance of harmonized data, independent monitoring, and global collaboration to ensure accurate progress tracking and effective policy development. Composite indices like the GPI and PPI will continue to play a vital role in assessing global peace levels until official data becomes more comprehensive.

Recommendations

• Invest in statistical capacity to improve data collection at the national level.
• Leverage third-party data sources to fill gaps in official reporting.
• Continue to develop and refine methodologies for Tier III indicators.
• Raise awareness of the key challenges in monitoring SDG16 and its broader implications for development.

Key Figures

• 33 states identified as fragile and conflict-affected by the World Bank.
• Only 16% of these countries met or made progress on their MDG targets.
• 72% of countries saw a decline in homicide rates over the past decade.
• 19 countries have less than 50% birth registration rates.
• Only 38 countries have comparable data on sexual violence prevalence against girls.
• Only four countries have comparable data on sexual violence against boys.
• Only 34 countries recorded conflict-related deaths in 2016.
• IEP's GPI measures 23 indicators across three domains: conflict, societal safety, and militarisation.
• SDG16 focuses on only two of these domains, ignoring militarisation entirely.

Summary of SDG16's Role

SDG16 is not only about reducing violence but also about building strong institutions and promoting justice. It is interlinked with other SDGs, and improving SDG16 can lead to better outcomes across the entire SDG framework. The report calls for continued monitoring, data collection, and international cooperation to ensure SDG16's success.