2023-05-08-世界银行-印度尼西亚国家气候与发展报告（英）_114页_14mb

报告摘要

Climate & Development in Indonesia

Indonesia faces significant climate challenges intertwined with its development path. The country has experienced rapid economic and social development but is vulnerable to climate impacts, including increased GHG emissions, land-use-driven emissions, and rising climate-related disasters.

Key Developments and Commitments

Indonesia has set ambitious climate targets, including a 31.9% unconditional reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 (up to 43.2% with international support).
The Long-Term Strategy (LTS-LCCR) targets a net-zero emission level by 2050, emphasizing a low-carbon transition.
Policies focus on forest and land-use management, including no-longer converting primary forests and peat (2011 moratorium) and restoration efforts (e.g., 2.7 million hectares of peatland by 2030).

Challenges and Risks

Emissions: High GHG emissions from land-use (e.g., deforestation, peat fires) and energy sectors.
Transition costs: Stranded assets in coal-dependent sectors, energy subsidies, and fiscal distortions hinder progress.
Climate vulnerability: Rising sea levels, flooding, droughts, heat stress, and impacts on agriculture and health.

Policy Recommendations

Short-Term Priorities (By 2025)

Transport and Energy Subsidy Reform: Remove domestic market obligations (DMO) for coal and phase in carbon pricing.
Coal Transition Planning: Develop a decarbonization plan for the power sector, including early retirement of coal plants.
Land Protection and Restoration: Strengthen conservation of forests and peatlands, link spatial planning with disaster resilience.
Social Protection and DRM: Expand disaster pooling funds and ensure inclusive climate adaptation measures.

Medium-Term Priorities (By 2030)

Fiscal Reforms: Introduce carbon taxes and align fiscal incentives with climate goals.
Green Finance: Enhance financial sector tools for climate investments, including green bonds and ESG frameworks.
Urban Mobility: Implement National Urban Mobility Policy (NUMP) to prioritize low-carbon transport.
Agriculture and Land Use: Promote sustainable farming practices, yield gaps closure for smallholders.

Long-Term Priorities (Beyond 2030)

Just Transition: Support workforce retraining and inclusive economic restructuring.
International Cooperation: Participate in climate trade initiatives and leverage multilateral financial mechanisms.

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