亚开行-印度尼西亚-马来西亚-泰国增长三角经济走廊的审查和评估：印度尼西亚国家报告（英）-2023.3-174页_8mb

Summary of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle Economic Corridors Review and Assessment

Core Content

This document provides a comprehensive review and assessment of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) economic corridors, focusing on Indonesia's role in the subregional development framework. It outlines the existing corridors, proposed routes, institutional mechanisms, and value chain perspectives to evaluate the potential and challenges of integrating these corridors into a cohesive economic network.

Main Objectives

The review aims to:

• Analyze the connectivity of existing corridors through road, rail, sea, and air.
• Identify gaps in the current infrastructure and recommend new routes for economic expansion.
• Review the proposed sixth corridor (EC6) and suggest its configuration.
• Examine links between corridors and the emerging subregional corridor network.
• Assess the corridors from a value chain perspective, particularly for palm oil, rubber, and halal foods.
• Propose improvements to enhance the development of economic corridors.

Key Findings

Existing Economic Corridors

There are five existing IMT-GT economic corridors, each playing a unique role in regional connectivity and economic integration:

1. Extended Songkhla-Penang-Medan Economic Corridor (EC1)

   • Connects Southern Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Pattani) with Malaysia (Penang) and Indonesia (North Sumatera).
   • Includes two overland routes and a maritime route across the Strait of Malacca.
   • Key nodes: Medan City and Belawan Port.
   • Supports agricultural trade and supply chains for Malaysia, Sumatera, and Singapore.
   • Plays a vital role in clustering economic activities through industrial hubs and special economic zones.

2. Strait of Malacca Economic Corridor (EC2)

   • A coastal corridor connecting Trang and Satun in Thailand with Perlis in Malaysia, and extending to Port Klang, Penang, and Melaka.
   • Focuses on multimodal connectivity, including land and coastal links.
   • Has potential to become a food hub, especially for halal products, due to planned food terminals and integrated food centers.

3. Banda Aceh-Medan-Pekanbaru-Palembang Economic Corridor (EC3)

   • A national corridor in Sumatera connecting Banda Aceh, Medan, Pekanbaru, Dumai, and Jambi.
   • Complements coastal connectivity with Penang and Melaka.
   • Part of the ASEAN Highway Network and a key building block for IMT-GT integration.
   • Includes West Sumatera, Jambi, Bengkulu, and Lampung as additional provinces.

4. Melaka-Dumai Economic Corridor (EC4)

   • A maritime corridor linking Riau Province in Indonesia with Melaka in Malaysia.
   • Relies on Dumai Port and Tanjung Bruas Port due to their strategic location in the narrowest part of the Strait of Malacca.
   • Dumai is a major gateway port for palm oil exports and general cargo.
   • Has a long tradition of freight and passenger traffic between Sumatera and Malaysia.

5. Ranong-Phuket-Aceh Economic Corridor (EC5)

   • A maritime corridor connecting Aceh Province in Sumatera with Southern Thailand (Ranong, Phuket).
   • Focuses on tourism and economic opportunities along the Andaman Sea.
   • Key nodes: Banda Aceh (capital), Sabang (tourism node).
   • Aims to enhance maritime connectivity for tourism and trade.

Proposed Economic Corridor 6 (EC6)

• Proposed by Thailand at the 24th IMT-GT Ministerial Meeting in 2018.
• Connects Pattani-Yala-Narathiwat in Thailand, Perak and Kelantan in Malaysia, and southern Sumatera in Indonesia.
• Includes Riau Islands and Bangka Belitung Islands as archipelagic provinces.
• The corridor is designed to enhance connectivity and economic integration across the region.

Key Information

Institutional Mechanisms

• The IMT-GT lacks a definitive framework for subregional corridor development.
• Progress has been driven by national initiatives rather than corridor-wide planning.
• The 26th IMT-GT Ministerial Meeting (2020) provided strategic guidance for corridor development.
• The national secretariats and relevant ministries played a key role in data collection, consultations, and reporting.

Value Chain Perspective

• The review examines value chains for palm oil, rubber, and halal foods.
• Palm oil is a major export product from Sumatera, with Dumai Port as a key export hub.
• Rubber production and processing are well-established, with specialized factories in various provinces.
• Halal food and beverage is a growing sector, with certification processes and export potential to Malaysia and Thailand.

Methodology and Data Sources

• The study is qualitative, based on desk research, fieldwork, and consultations.
• Fieldwork was conducted in Indonesia in October 2019 and December 2019, and October 2021.
• Data was collected from official sources, ministries, ports, customs, and private sector representatives.

Structure of the Report

The Indonesia Country Report is divided into eight chapters, including:

1. Introduction
2. Development Context
3. Review of Economic Corridors in Indonesia
4. Proposed Route for Economic Corridor 6
5. The Network of IMT-GT Economic Corridors
6. Economic Corridors from a Value Chain Perspective
7. Addressing Gaps in Institutional Mechanisms
8. Summary of Findings and Recommendations

The study is part of ADB Technical Assistance 9572, which aims to enhance subregional cooperation and integration in Southeast Asia.

Recommendations

• Develop new routes to expand economic opportunities.
• Enhance connectivity across land, sea, and air.
• Improve institutional coordination and mechanisms for corridor development.
• Focus on value chain efficiency and product competitiveness.
• Integrate special economic zones and industrial hubs to leverage scale and continuity effects.
• Ensure equitable distribution of economic benefits across provinces and states.

Conclusion

The review highlights the importance of economic corridors in enhancing regional integration and economic growth in the IMT-GT. It underscores the need for a coordinated, evidence-based approach to corridor development, with a focus on connectivity, value chains, and institutional mechanisms. The proposed EC6 offers new opportunities for trade and tourism, while the existing corridors provide a foundation for further development.