2009年-世界发展银行全球_Haiti_-_Country_Note_on_Climate_Change_Aspects_in_Agriculture_11页_2mb

Summary of Climate Change Aspects in Agriculture for Haiti

Core Content

This document provides an overview of the relationship between agriculture and climate change in Haiti, focusing on the country's vulnerability to climate impacts, policy responses, and institutional structures. It also outlines mitigation and adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector.

Main Points

1. Climate Context

• Agricultural Land Use: Approximately 57% of Haiti's land is used for agriculture (29% for pasture, 28% for cultivation), with only 4% dedicated to forestry.
• Climate Projections:
  • Temperature increases: 0.8–1°C by 2030 and 1.5–1.7°C by 2060.
  • Precipitation decreases: 5.9–20% by 2030 and 10.6–35.8% by 2060.
• Natural Disasters: Storms and floods have had significant human and economic impacts, with losses averaging 0.05% of GDP between 1997–2006.
• Most Vulnerable Areas: Southern, Western, North-Western departments, and parts of the Artibonite region are most vulnerable to climate change.

2. Policy Context

• National Adaptation Plan of Action (PANA): Submitted to the UNFCCC in 2006, focusing on adaptation in agriculture, water, fisheries, land, and forestry.
• Regional Initiatives:
  • CCCCC: Coordinates climate change responses in the Caribbean.
  • CDERA: Enhances disaster preparedness and response.
  • Association of Caribbean States: Supports disaster relief and funds for post-disaster recovery.
• Agricultural Sector Initiatives:
  • The Ministry of Environment is proposed as a potential institution for managing CDM projects.
  • The Ministry of Interior and Territorial Collectivities has a Natural Risk and Disaster Plan (PUGRD) to manage climate risks.

3. Institutional Context

• Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR): Oversees agricultural promotion, natural resource conservation, and rural development.
• Directorate of Agricultural Infrastructure (DIA): Manages public irrigation systems.
• Directorate of Natural Resources (DRN): Handles soil and forest management.
• Inter-Sectoral Coordination: There is a need for better coordination between sectors to address climate change comprehensively.
• Capacity Building: The country lacks a public sector strategy for agricultural insurance but is exploring options through partnerships and donor support.

4. Mitigation Measures

• Agriculture and Emissions:
  • Agriculture contributes to 72% of methane emissions and 59% of total GHG emissions.
  • Forestry and land use change account for 86% of CO₂ emissions, primarily due to deforestation.
• Deforestation:
  • Annual deforestation rate was 5.7% in 2002.
  • Around 40–50 million trees are cut annually for fuel and charcoal.
  • Only 1.4–2% of land is forested, down from 30% in 1940.
• Mitigation Activities:
  • Reforestation, agroforestry, and seed banks are identified as key needs.
  • Projects like the Lambi Fund and Friends of the Earth – Haiti promote reforestation and sustainable land use.

5. Adaptation Measures

• Land Management:
  • Agriculture accounts for 94% of nitrous oxide emissions, mainly due to fertilizer use.
  • Soil degradation is severe, with about a third of land degraded and 3 cm of topsoil lost annually.
  • Adaptation strategies include developing climate-resilient crops, fallow techniques, and multi-culture-livestock systems.
• Water Use:
  • Agriculture uses 94% of total freshwater withdrawals.
  • Only 8% of cropland is under irrigation, with most relying on rainfall.
  • Adaptation practices include rainwater harvesting, construction of water ponds, and improvement of water management systems.
• Adaptation Needs:
  • Development of new water capture systems, reforestation of hillsides, and construction of water tanks are recommended.

Key Information

• Vulnerability:
  • Haiti is among the most vulnerable countries in the region due to its low HDI rank and high exposure to natural disasters.
  • The Gini coefficient is 0.60, indicating high inequality.
  • 61.2% of the population lives in rural areas, where agriculture is the main livelihood.
• Social Aspects:
  • Rural communities have strong social capital and cohesion.
  • NGOs and microfinance institutions like Fonkoze play a critical role in social assistance and community development.
• Insurance and Risk Management:
  • There is no agricultural insurance system in place.
  • The government is part of CCRIF and interested in developing tailored agricultural insurance.
  • Donors like the World Bank and IFAD are supporting technical assistance for climate risk management in the agricultural sector.

Conclusion

Haiti's agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change, with significant impacts from temperature increases, precipitation decreases, and natural disasters. The country has made strides in developing a National Adaptation Plan of Action and is engaging in regional and international initiatives to address climate risks. However, there is a need for more targeted mitigation and adaptation strategies, especially in the forestry and livestock sectors, and for the development of agricultural insurance mechanisms to support small farmers. Institutional coordination and capacity building are essential to enhancing resilience and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.