牛津经济研究院-摩托车对欧洲的经济重要性（英）-2021.9-134页_11mb

Summary of the Economic Impact of Motorcycles in Europe

Core Content

This report, commissioned by ACEM and prepared by Oxford Economics, provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic and societal impact of motorcycles in Europe, focusing on the year 2019—the last year of normal economic activity before the pandemic.

The motorcycle sector is a significant contributor to the European economy, with a wide range of activities that support GDP, employment, and tax revenues. The report outlines the direct, indirect, and induced impacts of motorcycle manufacturing, trading, and related industries.

Main Points

1. Economic Contribution

• Total GDP Impact: €21.4 billion
• Total Jobs Supported: 389,000
• Total Tax Revenue: €16.6 billion

This includes the direct economic impact of the motorcycle manufacturing and trading sector, as well as the indirect and induced impacts from the supply chain and consumer spending.

2. Direct Impact

• Motorcycle Manufacturing and Trading Sector:
  • Direct GDP contribution: €5.8 billion
  • Direct employment: 133,000 jobs
  • Tax revenue: €5.0 billion

This sector includes manufacturing, R&D, design, headquarters, and after-sales services, and is composed of 21 factories and 22 R&D facilities operated by 17 ACEM members across the EU-27 and UK.

• Motorcycle Manufacturing Industry:
  • Direct GDP contribution: €2.3 billion
  • Direct employment: 25,000 workers
  • Tax revenue: €1.6 billion

The industry is characterized by high productivity, with an average GDP per job of €92,000.

3. Indirect and Induced Impacts

• Indirect Impact:

  • Supported €5.6 billion of GDP and 89,000 jobs
  • Arises from the sector's purchases of raw materials, goods, energy, and services

• Induced Impact:

  • Supported €15.9 billion of GDP and 291,000 jobs
  • Includes the spending by workers in the sector and its supply chain

• GDP Multiplier: 2.8

  • For every €1 of GDP created directly by the motorcycle industry, an additional €1.80 is supported in other industries

4. Motorcycle-Related Activities

• Accessories Sector:

  • Direct GDP contribution: €3.4 billion
  • Employment: 60,000 jobs
  • Tax revenue: €1.2 billion

• Sports and Promotional Events:

  • Direct GDP contribution: €2.1 billion
  • Employment: 38,000 jobs
  • Tax revenue: €1.2 billion
  • Includes tourism impacts, such as local spending by spectators and attendees

5. International Trade

• Exports in 2019:

  • Total value: €2.1 billion
  • Motorcycles: €1.6 billion
  • Parts: €0.5 billion

• Imports in 2019:

  • Total value: €4.5 billion

• Trade Deficit:

  • €2.4 billion (€4.5 billion imports vs. €2.1 billion exports)

• Customs Duties:

  • High in key overseas markets, affecting competitiveness
  • Could be reduced to boost exports

6. User and Environmental Benefits

• Time Savings:

  • If 5% of car commuters (5.3 million) switched to motorcycles, annual time savings would be 21.2 million days, worth €3.3 billion

• Cost Savings:

  • Annual commuting cost by motorcycle: €545
  • Annual commuting cost by car: €1,435
  • Motorcycles cost nearly one-third of cars

• Environmental Impact:

  • Average CO₂ emissions per km for motorcycles: 99 g/km
  • Average CO₂ emissions per km for cars: 210 g/km
  • Motorcycles are significantly more environmentally friendly

7. Market Overview

• Total Motorcycles in Use (2019): 39 million

• Motorcycle Fleet Share:

  • 11% of Europe's total motorized fleet
  • 76% for passenger cars
  • 13% for lorries and coaches

• Top Motorcycle Producing Countries:

  • Italy (23%)
  • Germany (20%)
  • France (13%)
  • UK (11%)
  • Spain (7%)
  • Austria (7%)

8. Covid-19 Impact

• The pandemic had a significant impact on the motorcycle industry in 2020, which is analyzed in Appendix 2.
• The report emphasizes the importance of understanding the sector's role in the economy before the pandemic, as the data from 2019 is the most recent and robust.

9. Definitions and Methodology

• L-category vehicles include motorcycles, mopeds, motorized tricycles, and quadricycles.

• The report uses a standard economic impact assessment methodology, which includes:

  • Direct Impact: GDP, employment, and tax from the sector itself
  • Indirect Impact: Supply chain effects
  • Induced Impact: Consumer spending and related economic activity
  • Tourism Impact: Spending by event attendees
  • Enabled Taxes: Road fuel duty, road user taxes, and vehicle license fees

• The analysis is based on data from ACEM members and Eurostat, using a global economic model to quantify the sector's total economic footprint.

Key Figures

Conclusion

The motorcycle industry plays a crucial and multifaceted role in the European economy. It supports significant GDP, employment, and tax revenue, while also offering substantial benefits to users in terms of cost and time savings, and environmental advantages. The sector's impact extends beyond its direct activities to include a wide range of indirect and induced economic contributions, making it an essential part of Europe's economic and social fabric.