2017至2025基里巴斯综合能源路线图（英文）_138页-3mb

Summary of the Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap (2017-2025)

Core Content

The Kiribati Integrated Energy Roadmap (KIER) is a strategic document developed by the Government of Kiribati, with support from IRENA, SPC, and PPA, to guide the transition towards a more sustainable, efficient, and energy-independent energy sector. The roadmap outlines a long-term vision for the energy sector, covering all aspects from policy, regulation, and institutional frameworks to technical, financial, and capacity-building initiatives. It aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy efficiency, and increase the share of renewable energy across all sectors by 2025.

Main Purpose and Scope

The KIER is designed to:

• Promote the sustainable use of renewable energy sources.
• Improve the efficiency of energy use across the electricity generation, building, and transport sectors.
• Address the challenges of energy security and climate change.
• Provide a policy framework and prioritised action plan, including cost estimates and timelines.

The roadmap focuses on:

• Renewable energy deployment (solar, wind, bioenergy).
• Energy efficiency improvements (demand and supply side).
• Desalination using renewable energy.
• Transport sector modernisation and the introduction of alternative fuels.
• Fuel procurement and management reforms.

Key Findings and Recommendations

Energy Supply and Demand

• Kiribati is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, with 63% of its energy supply coming from petroleum products in 2014.
• Indigenous renewable energy sources (bioenergy, solar, wind) account for 37%, but their potential is underutilised.
• The business as usual (BAU) scenario predicts stable energy demand through 2025, but energy efficiency measures could lead to a decline in electricity demand.

Energy Efficiency

• Energy efficiency measures (EE-DSM) are recommended to reduce electricity demand, especially in government and industrial buildings, residential areas, and unbilled uses.
• Non-technical losses in the electricity system are significant, amounting to 10.36%, with unmetered services (like water pumping and street lighting) and unbilled electricity contributing equally.
• The goal is to reduce total losses from 20.63% to less than 5%.

Renewable Energy Expansion

• Solar PV is highlighted as a key renewable energy source for South Tarawa and desalination.
• Wind energy is considered particularly relevant for Kiritimati and marine applications.
• Coconut oil is identified as a potential alternative fuel for power generation and transport.
• Desalination using renewable energy is already cost-competitive with fossil-fuel-based systems.

Institutional and Policy Reforms

• The Public Utilities Board (PUB) needs structural reforms, including the separation into two entities: Kiribati Power (electricity generation and transmission) and Kiribati Water and Sewerage.
• The Kiritimati power system should be restructured into three independent grid zones to improve management and efficiency.

Key Sectors and Actions

Electricity Generation

• South Tarawa: Focus on expanding solar PV deployment, integrating battery storage, and improving grid operations.
• Kiritimati: Prioritise PV, wind, and battery storage to achieve renewable shares over 55% in the larger zone and 80% in the smaller zone.
• Outer Islands: Expand solar home systems (SHS) and consider renewable energy and ice plants for fish preservation.

Energy Efficiency

• Demand-side management (DSM) measures include:
  • Improving lighting in government and commercial buildings.
  • Replacing inefficient appliances (refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners).
  • Reducing cooling loads.
• Supply-side management (SSM) includes:
  • Enhancing generator efficiency.
  • Implementing energy efficiency targets and cost recovery mechanisms.

Transport Sector

• The transport sector is a major contributor to fuel demand and CO₂ emissions.
• Renewable energy options for transport include:
  • Soft-sails and kite-assisted vessels.
  • Hybrid systems combining solar PV and fixed-wing aircraft.
• The goal is to reduce fuel dependency and improve transport efficiency.

Fuel Procurement and Management

• KOIL (Kiribati Oil Company) needs to be modernised with regular staff training.
• Fuel pricing and procurement strategies are to be improved to ensure cost recovery and affordability.

Cross-Cutting Issues

• Climate change and environmental sustainability are central to the KIER, with a focus on reducing CO₂ emissions.
• Energy data collection and information systems (e.g., MIS, PRDR) are required to support informed decision-making.
• Capacity-building is essential for the successful implementation of the roadmap, especially in the power sector, desalination, and transport.

Implementation Plan

The KIER includes a prioritised action plan with cost estimates and timelines for:

• Renewable energy deployment in electricity generation.
• Energy efficiency improvements across sectors.
• Desalination using renewable sources.
• Transport modernisation and alternative fuel adoption.
• Structural reforms for PUB and other energy institutions.

Conclusion

The KIER is a comprehensive roadmap that outlines a clear path for energy independence, climate resilience, and sustainable development in Kiribati. It calls for systemic changes in energy policy, infrastructure, and technology, supported by international funding and coordinated efforts from IRENA, SPC, and PPA. The roadmap is a critical step towards a low-carbon, reliable, and affordable energy future for Kiribati.