2022-07-19-Devinit-2020-2021官方发展援助_新兴危机之前和期间的主要趋势（英）_35页_357kb

Summary of ODA 2020-2021: Key Trends Before and During Emerging Crises

Core Content

This briefing provides an overview of global Official Development Assistance (ODA) trends between 2020 and 2021, highlighting how the pandemic and other crises have influenced ODA allocations. It examines the role of loans in ODA, shifts in sectoral focus, and the impact on the poorest countries.

Main Points

ODA Trends Overview

• ODA rose to a new peak in 2021, reaching $179 billion, an increase of $7 billion from 2020.
• Donated vaccines played a major role in this increase, accounting for $6.3 billion, with the US contributing $4 billion.
• Multilateral ODA increased by $4.9 billion, while bilateral ODA (excluding vaccines) fell by $4.2 billion.
• The UK abandoned the 0.7% ODA/GNI target, reducing the number of DAC members meeting the target from six to five.

Sectoral Shifts

• Health spending increased by 30% in 2020, but this did not significantly alter the proportion of ODA allocated to health.
• Budget support saw a significant rise, accounting for 8% of ODA in 2020, compared to 2% in 2019.
• Infrastructure and water and sanitation spending declined by 8% and 12% respectively in 2020 due to pandemic-related restrictions.
• Covid-19-related ODA amounted to $18.7 billion in 2021, or 10.5% of bilateral ODA, including $6.3 billion in vaccine donations and $12.4 billion in other activities.

Regional and Recipient Trends

• Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Afghanistan remained the top three ODA recipients in 2021, with Bangladesh surpassing Ethiopia.
• Ukraine, Ghana, and Morocco saw significant increases in ODA due to budget support loans.
• India dropped from 8th to 23rd in the top ODA recipients due to reduced loan disbursements from Japan.

Loan Use in ODA

• ODA loans increased significantly, especially after the pandemic.
• In 2020, 72% of ODA disbursements were to specific countries, reversing a previous trend.
• Loans to LDCs and LICs grew by 300% between 2011 and 2020, compared to 76% for MICs.
• The IMF and EU were major contributors to ODA loans, with the IMF's loans increasing sixfold in 2020.

ODA to Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

• LDCs face severe developmental challenges, including extreme poverty and low domestic resources.
• ODA to LDCs remained stagnant, at 32% of total ODA in 2020, the same as in 2011.
• Meeting the 0.15–0.20% GNI target for LDCs is still a challenge, with only 10 DAC donors meeting or exceeding it in 2021.
• Non-transfer aid (activities that do not result in a direct transfer to developing countries) accounted for around 20% of bilateral ODA in 2020.

Key Information

• The UK's ODA fell by 21%, the largest drop among DAC members, due to abandoning the 0.7% target.
• Japan, Germany, and the US were the top donors for non-vaccine-related ODA in 2021.
• Multilateral organizations and some DAC members increased their lending significantly in 2020, especially in response to the pandemic.
• Covid-19 had a mixed impact on ODA: while it spurred a rise in aid to specific countries, it also led to a shift in funding priorities.
• The use of loans in ODA has grown, raising concerns about debt sustainability in low-income countries.

Conclusion

The global ODA landscape has been reshaped by the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, with significant increases in multilateral lending and Covid-related aid, but stagnant support for the poorest countries. The trend of non-transfer aid and the increasing use of loans are important considerations for future aid strategies. As the world continues to grapple with these crises, the role and allocation of ODA will remain a critical focus for international development efforts.