2015-12-31-世界卫生组织-2016_STEPS_Fact_sheet_Sudan_Urban-Rural_4页_184kb

报告摘要

Sudan STEPS Survey 2016 Summary

Core Content

The Sudan STEPS (Sustainable Development and Health Promotion) survey was conducted from February to December 2016 to assess non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among adults aged 18–69 years. The survey was population-based and employed a four-stage stratified cluster sampling method to ensure representative data at the country and regional levels. It included three steps: socio-demographic and behavioral data collection (Step 1), physical measurements (Step 2), and biochemical measurements (Step 3). Urine samples were collected only in one region of Khartoum state. A total of 8145 participants were surveyed, with response rates of 95% for Steps 1 and 2, and 88% for Step 3. All results were weighted by gender and age.

A repeat survey is planned after the implementation of the updated multi-sectoral action plan for 2019–2023, provided that funding is available.

Main Findings

Tobacco Use (Step 1)

Rural:
- Males: 14.4% currently smoke tobacco (95% CI: 12.8–16.0)
- Females: 0.3% currently smoke tobacco (95% CI: 0.2–0.6)
- Both Sexes: 8.0% currently smoke tobacco (95% CI: 7.3–8.8)
- Daily smokers: 11.5% (95% CI: 10.0–12.9) smoke tobacco daily.
- Average age started smoking: 19.4 years (95% CI: 18.5–20.4) for males, 21.6 years (95% CI: 18.9–24.3) for females.
- Percentage using manufactured cigarettes: 97.2% (95% CI: 94.9–99.4) for both sexes in rural areas, 91.8% (95% CI: 87.2–96.4) for both sexes in urban areas.
- Average daily consumption: 9.6 manufactured cigarettes per day (95% CI: 8.1–11.1) for rural males, 8.8 for rural females, and 7.2 for urban participants.
Urban:
- Males: 21.7% currently smoke tobacco (95% CI: 18.9–24.5)
- Females: 1.3% currently smoke tobacco (95% CI: 0.7–1.8)
- Both Sexes: 12.4% currently smoke tobacco (95% CI: 11.1–13.62)
- Daily smokers: 17.8% (95% CI: 15.3–20.4) for males, 3.5% (95% CI: 2.7–4.4) for females.

Alcohol Consumption (Step 1)

Rural:
- Percentage of lifetime abstainers: 90.8% (95% CI: 89.5–92.1) for both sexes.
- Percentage of past 12-month abstainers: 4.6% (95% CI: 3.6–5.5) for both sexes.
- Percentage of current drinkers (in past 30 days): 3.9% (95% CI: 3.0–4.7) for both sexes.
- Percentage of heavy episodic drinkers: 3.5% (95% CI: 2.7–4.4) for males, 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1–0.6) for females.
Urban:
- Percentage of lifetime abstainers: 95.3% (95% CI: 94.5–96.1) for both sexes.
- Percentage of current drinkers (in past 30 days): 1.7% (95% CI: 1.2–2.2) for both sexes.
- Percentage of heavy episodic drinkers: 2.7% (95% CI: 1.6–3.7) for males, 0.1% (95% CI: 0.0–0.2) for females.

Diet (Step 1)

Fruit consumption:
- Rural: Males consume 1.7 days per week (95% CI: 1.5–1.9), females 1.8 days (95% CI: 1.6–1.9), both sexes 1.7 days (95% CI: 1.6–1.9).
- Urban: Males 2.0 days (95% CI: 1.8–2.2), females 2.4 days (95% CI: 2.2–2.5), both sexes 2.2 days (95% CI: 2.0–2.3).
- Percentage consuming less than 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables per day: 96.5% (95% CI: 95.7–97.4) in rural areas, 93.4% (95% CI: 91.7–95.0) in urban areas.
- Percentage adding salt or salty sauce frequently: 34.4% (95% CI: 32.2–36.6) in rural areas, 28.3% (95% CI: 26.6–30.0) in urban areas.
- Percentage eating processed foods high in salt: 8.3% (95% CI: 7.0–9.6) in rural areas, 19.3% (95% CI: 16.7–22.0) in urban areas.

Physical Activity (Step 1)

Percentage with insufficient physical activity (less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week):
- Rural: 9.3% (95% CI: 8.0–10.7) for males, 14.4% (95% CI: 13.3–15.7) for females, 11.6% (95% CI: 10.7–12.5) for both sexes.
- Urban: 14.8% (95% CI: 12.4–17.2) for males, 21.9% (95% CI: 19.9–23.8) for females, 18.0% (95% CI: 16.5–19.5) for both sexes.
Median time spent in physical activity per day:
- Rural: 192.9 minutes (IQR: 85.7–357.9)
- Urban: 91.4 minutes (IQR: 30.0–230.0)
Percentage not engaging in vigorous activity:
- Rural: 40.6% (95% CI: 38.3–42.8) for males, 82.6% (95% CI: 81.2–83.9) for females, 59.5% (95% CI: 58.2–60.9) for both sexes.
- Urban: 46.3% (95% CI: 42.9–49.6) for males, 91.8% (95% CI: 90.5–93.1) for females, 67.0% (95% CI: 65.2–68.9) for both sexes.

Physical Measurements (Step 2)

Mean BMI:
- Rural: 21.9 (95% CI: 21.5–22.3) for males, 22.5 (95% CI: 22.1–22.9) for females, 22.2 (95% CI: 21.8–22.5) for both sexes.
- Urban: 23.0 (95% CI: 22.4–23.6) for males, 26.2 (95% CI: 25.6–26.8) for females, 24.4 (95% CI: 23.9–24.9) for both sexes.
Percentage overweight (BMI ≥ 25):
- Rural: 18.8% (95% CI: 17.0–20.6) for males, 24.9% (95% CI: 23.3–26.5) for females, 21.4% (95% CI: 20.2–22.6) for both sexes.
- Urban: 29.0% (95% CI: 26.0–32.1) for males, 52.6% (95% CI: 50.1–55.0) for females, 39.5% (95% CI: 37.6–41.6) for both sexes.
Percentage obese (BMI ≥ 30):
- Rural: 4.5% (95% CI: 3.5–5.4) for males, 8.6% (95% CI: 7.6–9.6) for females, 6.2% (95% CI: 5.6–6.9) for both sexes.
- Urban: 10.5% (95% CI: 8.4–12.54) for males, 25.0% (95% CI: 22.9–27.1) for females, 17.0% (95% CI: 15.5–18.4) for both sexes.
Average waist circumference:
- Rural: 81.3 cm (95% CI: 80.2–82.4) for males, 80.8 cm (95% CI: 79.7–81.8) for females.
- Urban: 83.7 cm (95% CI: 81.6–85.8) for males, 87.8 cm (95% CI: 86.3–89.4) for females.
Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure:
- Rural: SBP = 129.6 mmHg (95% CI: 128.4–130.7), DBP = 82.0 mmHg (95% CI: 81.3–82.7).
- Urban: SBP = 129.5 mmHg (95% CI: 128.2–130.7), DBP = 82.9 mmHg (95% CI: 81.9–84.0).
Percentage with raised BP (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or on medication):
- Rural: 29.5% (95% CI: 27.4–31.6) for both sexes.
- Urban: 35.5% (95% CI: 33.7–37.4) for both sexes.

Biochemical Measurements (Step 3)

Mean fasting blood glucose:
- Rural: 4.3 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.1–4.4) for males, 4.4 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.3–4.6) for females, 4.4 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.2–4.5) for both sexes.
- Urban: 4.6 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.4–4.9) for males, 4.9 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.7–5.1) for females, 4.8 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.6–5.0) for both sexes.
Percentage with impaired fasting glycaemia:
- Rural: 2.5% (95% CI: 1.7–3.2) for males, 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2–3.4) for females, 2.7% (95% CI: 2.2–3.1) for both sexes.
- Urban: 4.4% (95% CI: 2.9–5.9) for males, 5.0% (95% CI: 3.9–6.1) for females, 4.7% (95% CI: 3.9–5.6) for both sexes.
Percentage with raised fasting blood glucose (≥7.0 mmol/L or on medication):
- Rural: 4.2% (95% CI: 3.3–5.2) for males, 4.7% (95% CI: 3.9–5.4) for females, 4.4% (95% CI: 3.8–5.0) for both sexes.
- Urban: 6.5% (95% CI: 4.7–8.3) for males, 11.2% (95% CI: 9.6–12.8) for females, 8.7% (95% CI: 7.5–9.8) for both sexes.
Mean total blood cholesterol:
- Rural: 3.4 mmol/L (95% CI: 3.4–3.5) for males, 4.0 mmol/L (95% CI: 3.9–4.0) for females, 3.7 mmol/L (95% CI: 3.6–3.7) for both sexes.
- Urban: 3.7 mmol/L (95% CI: 3.6–3.8) for males, 4.3 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.2–4.4) for females, 4.0 mmol/L (95% CI: 3.8–4.1) for both sexes.
Percentage with raised total cholesterol (≥5.0 mmol/L or ≥190 mg/dl or on medication):
- Rural: 5.4% (95% CI: 4.3–6.4) for males, 16.3% (95% CI: 15.0–17.6) for females, 10.4% (95% CI: 9.5–11.2) for both sexes.
- Urban: 14.6% (95% CI: 12.1–7.0) for males, 25.0% (95% CI: 22.8–7.1) for females, 19.2% (95% CI: 17.6–0.8) for both sexes.
Mean daily salt intake (only in Khartoum state): 8.2 grams (95% CI: 7.9–8.4).

Combined Risk Factors

Percentage with none of the risk factors:
- Rural: 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8–1.9) for males, 1.9% (95% CI: 1.4–2.4) for females, 1.6% (95% CI: 1.2–2.0) for both sexes.
- Urban: 1.4% (95% CI: 0.6–2.2) for males, 2.0% (95% CI: 1.3–2.6) for females, 1.6% (95% CI: 1.1–2.1) for both sexes.
Percentage with three or more risk factors:
- Rural: 14.4% (95% CI: 12.8–16.0) for males, 17.6% (95% CI: 16.2–9.0) for females, 15.8% (95% CI: 14.7–16.8) for both sexes.
- Urban: 24.0% (95% CI: 21.1–6.9) for males, 34.1% (95% CI: 31.7–36.4) for females, 28.4% (95% CI: 26.6–0.2) for both sexes.

Key Information

The survey aimed to assess NCD risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diet, physical activity, BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.
It focused on adults aged 18–69 and used a representative sampling method.
The data was weighted by gender and age to ensure accuracy.
A repeat survey is planned to evaluate the impact of the updated action plan.