2016年-世界发展银行全球_Investing_in_Urban_Resilience___Protecting_and_Promoting_Development_in_a_Changing_World_120页_5mb

Summary of INVESTING IN URBAN RESILIENCE

Core Content

This report from the World Bank Group (WBG) highlights the importance of urban resilience in the context of global economic growth, climate change, and increasing urbanization. It outlines the rationale for investing in urban resilience, the challenges faced by the urban poor, and the role of the WBG in supporting both public and private investments to enhance urban resilience.

Main Points

1. Why Do We Care About Urban Resilience?

• Urban resilience is defined as the ability of a city and its citizens to adapt to changing conditions and withstand shocks while maintaining essential functions.
• Cities are the engines of economic growth, contributing over 80% of global GDP, and are increasingly exposed to natural and manmade hazards.
• The economic and social costs of disasters and climate change are rising, with global annual losses from disasters in the built environment estimated at USD 314 billion and projected to increase to USD 415 billion by 2030.
• The urban poor, especially those in informal settlements, are disproportionately affected by these risks due to limited economic resources, poor infrastructure, and inadequate governance.

2. Why Urban Resilience Matters to the Urban Poor

• Poverty is urbanizing, with over 880 million urban residents living in slums in 2014, up from 2000.
• The urban poor are vulnerable to a range of risks including natural disasters, climate change, and economic shocks.
• Without investment in resilience, these populations may be pushed back into poverty, with up to 77 million urban residents potentially falling into poverty by 2030 due to climate impacts.
• The impact of climate change varies by city, with coastal and subsiding land areas facing significant risks.

3. Financing Needs and Obstacles

• Global need for urban infrastructure investment is estimated at USD 4.5–5.4 trillion per year, with an additional 9–27% required for climate resilience.
• Developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, require the most investment.
• Obstacles to financing include:
  • Lack of government capacity (planning, revenue generation, creditworthiness).
  • Limited private sector confidence (due to governance issues, lack of data, and financial complexity).
  • Challenges in project preparation and implementation.
  • Dependence on intergovernmental transfers and limited local funding sources.

4. Opportunities for the World Bank Group

• The WBG has the capacity and tools to support urban resilience through a combination of financing instruments, technical expertise, and partnerships.
• It has committed over USD 50 billion to urban resilience projects in the past five years, with an average annual investment of USD 2 billion in core urban resilience.
• The WBG can help leverage private capital and other funding sources through innovative instruments such as:
  • Adaptable Program Loans (APL)
  • Development Policy Loans (DPL)
  • Contingent Emergency Response Components (CERC)
  • Partial Credit Guarantees (PCG)
  • Climate Investment Funds (CIF)
• The WBG also supports analytical tools, policy frameworks, and sectoral collaboration to help cities prepare and implement resilience strategies.
• The report emphasizes the need for forward-thinking, long-term planning, and cross-sectoral cooperation to ensure sustainable urban development.

Key Information

• Urbanization trends are significant, with 1.4 million people moving to cities every week.
• Climate change and natural disasters are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, posing serious threats to urban development and the poor.
• The WBG has a strategic role in promoting urban resilience through its Climate Change Action Plan, urban strategy, and disaster risk management initiatives.
• The Sendai Framework (2015), Sustainable Development Goals (2015), COP21 (2015), and New Urban Agenda (2016) have reinforced the global focus on urban resilience.
• Private sector involvement is crucial, with the WBG aiming to leverage USD 500 billion in private capital through scaled-up resilience programs.
• The WBG provides technical assistance, financial products, and concessional financing to support cities in becoming more resilient.

Conclusion

Investing in urban resilience is essential for sustainable development, poverty reduction, and economic growth. The WBG has the tools and expertise to support both public and private investments, but significant challenges remain. A strategic and collaborative approach is needed to address these challenges and ensure that cities and their residents are better prepared for future shocks and stresses.